grmlzshrc.t2t: Aliases ? and help-zshglob

[grml-etc-core.git] / doc / grmlzshrc.t2t

GRMLZSHRC

August, 2009

%!target: man
%!postproc(man): "^(\.TH.*) 1 "  "\1 5 "


= NAME =
grmlzshrc - grml's zsh setup


= SYNOPSIS =
//zsh// [**options**]...


= DESCRIPTION =
The grml project provides a fairly exhaustive interactive setup (referred to
as //grmlzshrc// throughout this document) for the amazing unix shell zsh
(http://zsh.sourceforge.net). This is the reference manual for that
setup.

To use //grmlzshrc//, you need at least version 3.1.7 of zsh (although not all
features are enabled in every version).

//grmlzshrc// behaves differently depending on which user loads it. For the
root user (**EUID** == 0) only a subset of features is loaded by default. This
behaviour can be altered by setting the **GRML_ALWAYS_LOAD_ALL** STARTUP
VARIABLE (see below).

= STARTUP VARIABLES =
Some of the behaviour of //grmlzshrc// can be altered by setting certain shell
variables. These may be set temporarily when starting zsh like this:
\
``` % BATTERY=1 zsh

Or by setting them permanently in **zshrc.pre** (See AUXILIARY FILES below).

: **BATTERY**
If set to a value greater than zero and //acpi// installed, //grmlzshrc// will
put the battery status into the right hand side interactive prompt.


= FEATURE DESCRIPTION =
This is an in depth description of non-standard features implemented by
//grmlzshrc//.

== DIRSTACK HANDLING ==
The dirstack in //grmlzshrc// has a persistent nature. It is stored into a
file each time zsh's working directory is changed. That file can be configured
via the **DIRSTACKFILE** variable and it defaults to **~/.zdirs**. The
**DIRSTACKSIZE** variable defaults to **20** in this setup.

The **DIRSTACKFILE** is loaded each time zsh starts, therefore freshly started
zshs inherit the dirstack of the zsh that most recently updated
**DIRSTACKFILE**.

== DIRECTORY BASED PROFILES ==
If you want certain settings to be active in certain directories (and
automatically switch back and forth between them), this is what you want.
\
```
zstyle ':chpwd:profiles:/usr/src/grml(|/|/*)'   profile grml
zstyle ':chpwd:profiles:/usr/src/debian(|/|/*)' profile debian
```

When that's done and you enter a directory that matches the pattern
in the third part of the context, a function called chpwd_profile_grml,
for example, is called (if it exists).

If no pattern matches (read: no profile is detected) the profile is
set to 'default', which means chpwd_profile_default is attempted to
be called.

A word about the context (the ':chpwd:profiles:*' stuff in the zstyle
command) which is used: The third part in the context is matched against
**$PWD**. That's why using a pattern such as /foo/bar(|/|/*) makes sense.
Because that way the profile is detected for all these values of **$PWD**:
\
```
/foo/bar
/foo/bar/
/foo/bar/baz
```

So, if you want to make double damn sure a profile works in /foo/bar
and everywhere deeper in that tree, just use (|/|/*) and be happy.

The name of the detected profile will be available in a variable called
'profile' in your functions. You don't need to do anything, it'll just
be there.

Then there is the parameter **$CHPWD_PROFILE** which is set to the profile,
that was active up to now. That way you can avoid running code for a
profile that is already active, by running code such as the following
at the start of your function:
\
```
function chpwd_profile_grml() {
    [[ ${profile} == ${CHPWD_PROFILE} ]] && return 1
    ...
}
```

The initial value for **$CHPWD_PROFILE** is 'default'.

=== Signaling availabily/profile changes ===

If you use this feature and need to know whether it is active in your
current shell, there are several ways to do that. Here are two simple
ways:

a) If knowing if the profiles feature is active when zsh starts is
   good enough for you, you can put the following snippet into your
   //.zshrc.local//:
\
```
(( ${+functions[chpwd_profiles]} )) &&
    print "directory profiles active"
```

b) If that is not good enough, and you would prefer to be notified
   whenever a profile changes, you can solve that by making sure you
   start **every** profile function you create like this:
\
```
function chpwd_profile_myprofilename() {
    [[ ${profile} == ${CHPWD_PROFILE} ]] && return 1
    print "chpwd(): Switching to profile: $profile"
  ...
}
```

That makes sure you only get notified if a profile is **changed**,
not everytime you change directory.

=== Version requirement ===
This feature requires zsh //4.3.3// or newer.


== ACCEPTLINE WRAPPER ==
The //accept-line// wiget is the one that is taking action when the **return**
key is hit. //grmlzshrc// uses a wrapper around that widget, which adds new
functionality.

This wrapper is configured via styles. That means, you issue commands, that look
like:
\
```
zstyle 'context' style value
```

The context namespace, that we are using is 'acceptline'. That means, the actual
context for your commands look like: **':acceptline:<subcontext>'**.

Where **<subcontext>** is one of: **default**, **normal**, **force**, **misc**
or **empty**.


=== Recognized Contexts ===
: **default**
This is the value, the context is initialized with.
The //compwarnfmt and //rehash// styles are looked up in this context.

: **normal**
If the first word in the command line is either a command, alias, function,
builtin or reserved word, you are in this context.

: **force**
This is the context, that is used if you hit enter again, after being warned
about the existence of a _completion for the non-existing command you
entered.

: **empty**
This is the context, you are in if the command line is empty or only
consists of whitespace.

: **misc**
This context is in effect, if you entered something that does not match any
of the above. (e.g.: variable assignments).


=== Available Styles ===
: **nocompwarn**
If you set this style to true, the warning about non existent commands,
for which completions exist will not be issued. (Default: **false**)

: **compwarnfmt**
The message, that is displayed to warn about the _completion issue.
(default: **'%c will not execute and completion %f exists.'**)
'%c' is replaced by the command name, '%f' by the completion's name.

: **rehash**
If this is set, we'll force rehashing, if appropriate. (Defaults to
**true** in //grmlzshrc//).

: **actions**
This can be a list of wigdets to call in a given context. If you need a
specific order for these to be called, name them accordingly. The default value
is an **empty list**.

: **default_action**
The name of a widget, that is called after the widgets from 'actions'.
By default, this will be '.accept-line' (which is the built-in accept-line
widget).

: **call_default**
If true in the current context, call the widget in the 'default_action'
style. (The default is **true** in all contexts.)


== PROMPT ==


== GNU/SCREEN STATUS SETTING ==
//grmlzshrc// sets screen's hardstatus lines to the currently running command
or **'zsh'** if the shell is idling at its prompt. If the current working
directory is inside a repository unter version control, screen status is set
to: **'zsh: <repository name>'** via zsh's vcs_info.


== PERSISTENT HISTORY ==
If you got commands you consider important enough to be included in every
shell's history, you can put them into ~/.important_commands and they will be
available via the usual history lookup widgets.


= REFERENCE =
== KEYBINDINGS ==
Apart from zsh's default key bindings, //grmlzshrc// comes with its own set of
key bindings. Note that bindings like **ESC-e** can also be typed as **ALT-e**
on PC keyboards.

: **ESC-e**
Edit the current command buffer in your favourite editor.


== SHELL FUNCTIONS ==
//grmlzshrc// comes with a wide array of defined shell functions to ease the
user's life.

: **2html()**
Converts plaintext files to HTML using vim. The output is written to
<filename>.html.

: **audioburn()**
Burns the files in ~/ripps (see audiorip() below) to an audio CD.
Then prompts the user if she wants to remove that directory. You might need
to tell audioburn which cdrom device to use like:
"DEVICE=/dev/cdrom audioburn"

: **audiorip()**
Creates directory ~/ripps, if it does not exist. Then rips audio CD into
it. Then prompts the user if she wants to burn a audio CD with audioburn()
(see above). You might need to tell audiorip which cdrom device to use like:
"DEVICE=/dev/cdrom audioburn"

: **cl()**
Changes current directory to the one supplied by argument and lists the files
in it, including file names starting with ".".

: **doc()**
Takes packagename as argument. Sets current working directory to
/usr/share/doc/<packagename> and prints out a directory listing.

: **fluxkey-change()**
Switches the key combinations for changing current workspace under fluxbox(1)
from Alt-[0-9] to Alt-F[0-9] and vice versa by rewriting $HOME/.fluxbox/keys.
Requires the window manager to reread configuration to take effect.

: **genthumbs()**
A simple thumbnails generator. Resizes images (i. e. files that end in ".jpg",
".jpeg", ".gif" or ".png") to 100x200. Output files are named "thumb-<original
filename>". Creates an index.html with title "Images" showing the
thumbnails as clickable links to the respective original file.
//Warning:// On start genthumbs() silently removes a possibly existing "index.html"
and all files and/or directories beginning with "thumb-" in current directory!

: **greph()**
Searches the zsh command history for a regular expression.

: **hex()**
Prints the hexadecimal representation of the number supplied as argument
(base ten only).

: **is4()**
Returns true, if zsh version is equal or greater than 4, else false.

: **is41()**
Returns true, if zsh version is equal or greater than 4.1, else false.

: **is42()**
Returns true, if zsh version is equal or greater than 4.2, else false.

: **is425()**
Returns true, if zsh version is equal or greater than 4.2.5, else false.

: **is43()**
Returns true, if zsh version is equal or greater than 4.3, else false.

: **is433()**
Returns true, if zsh version is equal or greater than 4.3.3, else false.

: **isdarwin()**
Returns true, if running on darwin, else false.

: **isgrml()**
Returns true, if running on a grml system, else false.

: **isgrmlcd()**
Returns true, if running on a grml system from a live cd, else false.

: **isgrmlsmall()**
Returns true, if run on grml-small, else false.

: **isutfenv()**
Returns true, if run within an utf environment, else false.

: **lcheck()**
Lists libraries that define the symbol containing the string given as
parameter.

: **limg()**
Lists images (i. e. files ending with ".jpg", ".gif" or ".png") in current
directory.

: **mcd()**
Creates directory including parent directories, if necessary. Then changes
current working directory to it.

: **mkiso()**
Creates an iso9660 filesystem image with Rockridge and Joliet extensions
enabled using mkisofs(8). Prompts the user for volume name, filename and
target directory.

: **purge()**
Removes typical temporary files (i. e. files like "*~", ".*~", "#*#", "*.o",
"a.out", "*.core", "*.cmo", "*.cmi" and ".*.swp") from current directory.
Asks for confirmation.

: **readme()**
Opens all README-like files in current working directory with the program
defined in the $PAGER environment variable.

: **regcheck()**
Checks whether a regular expression (first parameter) matches a string
(second parameter) using perl.

: **shtar()**
Lists the content of a gzipped tar archive in default pager.

: **shzip()**
Shows the content of a zip archive in default pager.

: **slow_print()**
Prints the arguments slowly by sleeping 0.08 seconds between each character.

: **sshot()**
Creates directory named shots in user's home directory, if it does not yet
exist and changes current working directory to it. Then sleeps 5 seconds,
so you have plenty of time to switch desktops/windows. Then makes a screenshot
of the current desktop. The result is stored in ~/shots to a timestamped
jpg file.

: **startx()**
Initializes an X session using startx(1) if /etc/X11/xorg.conf exists, else
issues a Warning to use the grml-x(1) script. Can be overridden by using
/usr/bin/startx directly.

: **status()**
Shows some information about current system status.

: **udiff()**
Makes a unified diff of the command line arguments trying hard to find a
smaller set of changes. Descends recursively into subdirectories. Ignores
hows some information about current status.

: **urlencode()**
Takes a string as its first argument and prints it RFC 2396 URL encoded to
standard out.

: **viless()**
Vim as pager.

: **xinit()**
Initializes an X session using xinit(1) if /etc/X11/xorg.conf exists, else
issues a Warning to use the grml-x(1) script. Can be overridden by using
/usr/bin/xinit directly.


== ALIASES ==
//grmlzshrc// comes with a wide array of predefined aliases to ease the user's
life. A few aliases (like those involving //grep// or //ls//) use the option
//--color=auto// for colourizing output. That option is part of **GNU**
implementations of these tools, and will only be used if such an implementation
is detected.

: **acp** (//apt-cache policy//)
With no arguments prints out the priorities of each source. If a package name
is given, it displays detailed information about the priority selection of the
package.

: **acs** (//apt-cache search//)
Searches debian package lists for the regular expression provided as argument.
The search includes package names and descriptions. Prints out name and short
description of matching packages.

: **acsh** (//apt-cache show//)
Shows the package records for the packages provided as arguments.

: **adg** (//apt-get dist-upgrade//)
Performs an upgrade of all installed packages. Also tries to automatically
handle changing dependencies with new versions of packages. As this may change
the install status of (or even remove) installed packages, it is potentially
dangerous to use dist-upgrade; invoked by sudo, if necessary.

: **ag** (//apt-get upgrade//)
Downloads and installs the newest versions of all packages currently installed
on the system. Under no circumstances are currently installed packages removed,
or packages not already installed retrieved and installed. New versions of
currently installed packages that cannot be upgraded without changing the install
status of another package will be left at their current version. An update must
be performed first (see au below); run by sudo, if necessary.

: **agi** (//apt-get install//)
Downloads and installs or upgrades the packages given on the command line.
If a hyphen is appended to the package name, the identified package will be
removed if it is installed. Similarly a plus sign can be used to designate a
package to install. This may be useful to override decisions made by apt-get's
conflict resolution system.
A specific version of a package can be selected for installation by following
the package name with an equals and the version of the package to select. This
will cause that version to be located and selected for install. Alternatively a
specific distribution can be selected by following the package name with a slash
and the version of the distribution or the Archive name (stable, testing, unstable).
Gets invoked by sudo, if user id is not 0.

: **ati** (//aptitude install//)
Aptitude is a terminal-based package manager with a command line mode similar to
apt-get (see agi above); invoked by sudo, if necessary.

: **au** (//apt-get update//)
Resynchronizes the package index files from their sources. The indexes of
available packages are fetched from the location(s) specified in
/etc/apt/sources.list. An update should always be performed before an
upgrade or dist-upgrade; run by sudo, if necessary.

: **cmplayer** (//mplayer -vo fbdev//)
Video player with framebuffer as video output device, so you can watch
videos on a virtual tty. Hint: Using fbdev2 allows you to use the shell
while watching a movie.

: **da** (//du -sch//)
Prints the summarized disk usage of the arguments as well as a grand total
in human readable format.

: **dir** (//ls -lSrah//)
Lists files (including dot files) sorted by size (biggest last) in long and
human readable output format.

: **fblinks** (//links2 -driver fb//)
A Web browser on the framebuffer device. So you can browse images and click
links on the virtual tty.

: **fbmplayer** (//mplayer -vo fbdev -fs -zoom//)
Fullscreen Video player with the framebuffer as video output device. So you
can watch videos on a virtual tty.

: **g** (//git//)
Revision control system by Linus Torvalds.

: **grep** (//grep --color=auto//)
Shows grep output in nice colors, if available.

: **GREP** (//grep -i --color=auto//)
Case insensitive grep with colored output.

: **http** (//python -m SimpleHTTPServer//)
Basic HTTP server implemented in python. Listens on port 8000/tcp and
serves current directory. Implements GET and HEAD methods.

: **insecscp** (//scp -o "StrictHostKeyChecking=no" -o "UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null"//)
scp with possible man-in-the-middle attack enabled. This is convenient, if the targets
host key changes frequently, for example on virtualized test- or development-systems.
To be used only inside trusted networks, of course.

: **insecssh** (//ssh -o "StrictHostKeyChecking=no" -o "UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null"//)
ssh with possible man-in-the-middle attack enabled
(for an explanation see insecscp above).

: **help-zshglob** (//H-Glob()//)
Runs the function H-Glob() to expand or explain wildcards.

: **j** (//jobs -l//)
Prints status of jobs in the current shell session in long format.

: **l** (//ls -lF --color=auto//)
Lists files in long output format with indicator for filetype appended
to filename. If the terminal supports it, with colored output.

: **la** (//ls -la --color=auto//)
Lists files in long colored output format. Including file names
starting with ".".

: **lad** (//ls -d .*(/)//)
Lists the dot directories (not their contents) in current directory.

: **lh** (//ls -hAl --color=auto//)
Lists files in long and human readable output format in nice colors,
if available. Includes file names starting with "." except "." and
"..".

: **ll** (//ls -l --color=auto//)
Lists files in long colored output format.

: **ls** (//ls -b -CF --color=auto//)
Lists directory printing octal escapes for nongraphic characters.
Entries are listed by columns and an indicator for file type is appended
to each file name. Additionally the output is colored, if the terminal
supports it.

: **lsa** (//ls -a .*(.)//)
Lists dot files in current working directory.

: **lsbig** (//ls -flh *(.OL[1,10])//)
Displays the ten biggest files (long and human readable output format).

: **lsd** (//ls -d *(/)//)
Shows directories.

: **lse** (//ls -d *(/^F)//)
Shows empty directories.

: **lsl** (//ls -l *(@)//)
Lists symbolic links in current directory.

: **lsnew** (//ls -rl *(D.om[1,10])//)
Displays the ten newest files (long output format).

: **lsold** (//ls -rtlh *(D.om[1,10])//)
Displays the ten oldest files (long output format).

: **lss** (//ls -l *(s,S,t)//)
Lists files in current directory that have the setuid, setgid or sticky bit
set.

: **lssmall** (//ls -Srl *(.oL[1,10])//)
Displays the ten smallest files (long output format).

: **lsw** (//ls -ld *(R,W,X.^ND/)//)
Displays all files which are world readable and/or world writable and/or
world executable (long output format).

: **lsx** (//ls -l *(*)//)
Lists only executable files.

: **md** (//mkdir -p//)
Creates directory including parent directories, if necessary

: **screen** (///usr/bin/screen -c ${HOME}/.screenrc//)
If invoking user is root, starts screen session with /etc/grml/screenrc
as config file. If invoked by a regular user, start a screen session
with users .screenrc config if it exists, else use /etc/grml/screenrc_grml
as configuration.

: **rw-** (//chmod 600//)
Grants read and write permission of a file to the owner and nobody else.

: **rwx** (//chmod 700//)
Grants read, write and execute permission of a file to the owner and nobody
else.

: **r--** (//chmod 644//)
Grants read and write permission of a file to the owner and read-only to
anybody else.

: **r-x** (//chmod 755//)
Grants read, write and execute permission of a file to the owner and
read-only plus execute permission to anybody else.

: **up** (//aptitude update ; aptitude safe-upgrade//)
Performs a system update followed by a system upgrade using aptitude; run
by sudo, if necessary. See au and ag above.

: **?** (//qma zshall//)
Runs the grml script qma (quick manual access) to build the collected man
pages for the z-shell. This compressed file is kept at
~/man/zshall.txt.lzo Once it is built, the second use of the alias '?' is
fast. See "man qma" for further information.


= AUXILIARY FILES =
This is a set of files, that - if they exist - can be used to customize the
behaviour of //grmlzshrc//.

: **.zshrc.pre**
Sourced at the very beginning of //grmlzshrc//. Among other things, it can
be used to permantenly change //grmlzshrc//'s STARTUP VARIABLES (see above):
\
```
# show battery status in RPROMPT
BATTERY=1
# always load the complete setup, even for root
GRML_ALWAYS_LOAD_ALL=1
```

: **.zshrc.local**
Sourced right before loading //grmlzshrc// is finished. There is a global
version of this file (/etc/zsh/zshrc.local) which is sourced before the
user-specific one.

: **.zdirs**
Directory listing for persistent dirstack (see above).

: **.important_commands**
List of commands, used by persistent history (see above).


= INSTALLATION ON NON-DEBIAN SYSTEMS =
On Debian systems (http://www.debian.org) - and possibly Ubuntu
(http://www.ubuntu.com) and similar systems - it is very easy to get
//grmlzshrc// via grml's .deb repositories.

On non-debian systems, that is not an option, but all is not lost:
\
```
% wget -O .zshrc http://git.grml.org/f/grml-etc-core/etc/zsh/zshrc
```

If you would also like to get seperate function files (which you can put into
your **$fpath**), you can browse and download them at:

http://git.grml.org/?p=grml-etc-core.git;a=tree;f=usr_share_grml/zsh;hb=HEAD

= ZSH REFCARD TAGS =
If you read //grmlzshrc//'s code you may notice strange looking comments in
it. These are there for a purpose. grml's zsh-refcard is automatically
generated from the contents of the actual configuration file. However, we need
a little extra information on which comments and what lines of code to take
into account (and for what purpose).

Here is what they mean:

List of tags (comment types) used:
: **#a#**
Next line contains an important alias, that should be included in the
grml-zsh-refcard. (placement tag: @@INSERT-aliases@@)

: **#f#**
Next line contains the beginning of an important function. (placement
tag: @@INSERT-functions@@)

: **#v#**
Next line contains an important variable. (placement tag:
@@INSERT-variables@@)

: **#k#**
Next line contains an important keybinding. (placement tag:
@@INSERT-keybindings@@)

: **#d#**
Hashed directories list generation: //start//: denotes the start of a list of
'hash -d' definitions. //end//: denotes its end. (placement tag:
@@INSERT-hasheddirs@@)

: **#A#**
Abbreviation expansion list generation: //start//: denotes the beginning of
abbreviations. //end//: denotes their end.
\
Lines within this section that end in '#d .*' provide extra documentation to
be included in the refcard. (placement tag: @@INSERT-abbrev@@)

: **#m#**
This tag allows you to manually generate refcard entries for code lines that
are hard/impossible to parse.
Example:
\
```
#m# k ESC-h Call the run-help function
```
\
That would add a refcard entry in the keybindings table for 'ESC-h' with the
given comment.
\
So the syntax is: #m# <section> <argument> <comment>

: **#o#**
This tag lets you insert entries to the 'other' hash. Generally, this should
not be used. It is there for things that cannot be done easily in another way.
(placement tag: @@INSERT-other-foobar@@)


All of these tags (except for m and o) take two arguments, the first
within the tag, the other after the tag:

#<tag><section># <comment>

Where <section> is really just a number, which are defined by the @secmap
array on top of 'genrefcard.pl'. The reason for numbers instead of names is,
that for the reader, the tag should not differ much from a regular comment.
For zsh, it is a regular comment indeed. The numbers have got the following
meanings:

: **0**
//default//

: **1**
//system//

: **2**
//user//

: **3**
//debian//

: **4**
//search//

: **5**
//shortcuts//

: **6**
//services//


So, the following will add an entry to the 'functions' table in the 'system'
section, with a (hopefully) descriptive comment:
\
```
#f1# Edit an alias via zle
edalias() {
```
\
It will then show up in the @@INSERT-aliases-system@@ replacement tag that can
be found in 'grml-zsh-refcard.tex.in'. If the section number is omitted, the
'default' section is assumed. Furthermore, in 'grml-zsh-refcard.tex.in'
@@INSERT-aliases@@ is exactly the same as @@INSERT-aliases-default@@. If you
want a list of **all** aliases, for example, use @@INSERT-aliases-all@@.


= CONTRIBUTING =
If you want to help to improve grml's zsh setup, clone the grml-etc-core
repository from git.grml.org:
\
``` % git clone git://git.grml.org/grml-etc-core.git

Make your changes, commit them; use '**git format-patch**' to create a series
of patches and send those to the following address via '**git send-email**':
\
``` grml-etc-core@grml.org

Doing so makes sure the right people get your patches for review and
possibly inclusion.


= STATUS =
This manual page is supposed to be a **reference** manual for //grmlzshrc//.
That means that in contrast to the existing refcard it should document **every**
aspect of the setup. That is currently **not** the case. Not for a long time
yet. Contributions are highly welcome.


= AUTHORS =
This manpage was written by Frank Terbeck <ft@grml.org> and Joerg Woelke
<joewoe@fsmail.de>.


= COPYRIGHT =
Copyright (c) 2009, grml project <http://grml.org>

This manpage is distributed under the terms of the GPL version 2.

Most parts of grml's zshrc are distributed under the terms of GPL v2, too,
except for **accept-line()** and **vcs_info()**, which are distributed under
the same conditions as zsh itself (which is BSD-like).