6 grml2usb - install grml ISO(s) on usb device for booting
10 grml2usb [ options ] <ISO[s]> <device>
12 *******************************************************************************
13 Important! The grml team does not take responsibility for loss of any data!
14 *******************************************************************************
20 grml2usb installs grml on a given partition of your usb device and makes it
21 bootable. It provides multi-iso support, meaning you can specify several grml
22 ISOs on the command line at once and select the grml flavour you would like to
23 boot on the bootprompt then. Note that the *first* ISO specified on the grml2usb
24 command line will become the default one (that's the one that will boot when
25 just pressing enter on the bootprompt or wait until the boot timeout matches).
28 By default a compatible master boot record (MBR) is installed on the device
29 (being for example /dev/sdX when executing 'grml2usb grml.iso /dev/sdX1') and
30 grub is being used as default bootloader. Avoid installation of the default MBR
31 using the '--skip-mbr' option or if you encounter any problems with the default
32 MBR consider using '--syslinux-mbr' instead.
35 Whereas grml2usb is the script to install recent grml ISOs (>=2009.10) the
36 script grml2usb-compat supports older grml releases (<2009.10) as well.
42 The ISO[s] should be the path to one or multiple grml-ISOs and/or the path to
43 the currently running live-system (being /live/image).
45 The device either might be a device name like /dev/sdX1 or a directory. When
46 specifying a device name the device is mounted automatically. When specifying a
47 directory grml2usb is assuming that you did set up a bootloader on your own (or
48 don't need one) and a bootloader won't be installed automatically.
50 The following options are supported:
52 *\--bootoptions=...*::
54 Use specified bootoptions as default. To use flavour name as a argument for a
55 boot parameter use %flavour which will be expanded to the flavour name.
57 *\--bootloader-only*::
59 Do *not* copy files but instead just install a bootloader. Note that the boot
60 addons are copied to /boot/addons at this stage as well. If you want to skip
61 copying the boot addons consider using the --skip-addons option.
65 Copy files only but do *not* install a bootloader.
69 Avoid executing commands, instead show what would be executed.
70 Warning: please notice that the ISO has to be mounted anyway, otherwise
71 identifying the grml flavour would not be possible.
75 Format specified partition with FAT16.
76 **Important:** this will destroy any existing data on the specified partition!
80 Force any (possible dangerous) actions requiring manual interaction (like --fat16).
84 Install grub into MBR (Master Boot Record) instead of PBR (Partition Boot
85 Record). Check out <<mbr-vs-pbr,the 'mbr-vs-pbr' section in the FAQ of this
86 document>> for further details.
90 Display usage information and exit.
92 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
95 Install specified initrd instead of the default. You might want to specify
96 option *--kernel* as well. (Be aware when using multiboot setup.)
97 [Notice: not implemented yet.]
98 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
100 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
103 Install specified kernel instead of the default. You might want to specify
104 option *--initrd* as well. (Be aware when using multiboot setup.)
105 [Notice: not implemented yet.]
106 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
108 *\--lilo-binary=...*::
110 Use specified lilo executable for installing master boot record (MBR) when using
111 the '--syslinux-mbr' option. By default any system wide (from $PATH) lilo
112 executable is taken. If there can not be find any lilo executable the
113 statically compiled version of the grml2usb Debian package (see
114 /usr/share/grml2usb/lilo/lilo.static.[amd64|i386]) is taken.
118 Install master boot record (MBR) with integrated boot menu: interactively choose
119 the partition to boot from, with a timeout to load the default partition, or
120 boot from floppy. When NOT using the --mbr-menu option a MBR with LBA and large
121 disc support but without an integrated boot menu is installed (so it's not
122 visible at all but instead directly jumps to the bootloader - being grub or
123 syslinux). Note: This options is available only when using the default MBR and
124 won't have any effect if you're using the '--syslinux-mbr' option.
128 Do not output anything but just errors on console.
132 Do not install /boot/addons/ files (like dos, grub, memdisk,...).
134 *\--remove-bootoption=...*::
136 Remove specified bootoption (could be a regex) from existing boot options. Use
137 multiple entries for removing different bootoptions at once. (Note: this option
138 is not support in grml2usb-compat.)
140 *\--skip-grub-config*::
142 Skip generation of grub configuration files. By default the configuration
143 files for syslinux *and* grub will be written so you've a working configuration
144 file no matter whether you're using grub or syslinux as bootloader.
148 Do not touch/install the master boot record (MBR).
150 *\--skip-syslinux-config*::
152 Skip generation of syslinux configuration files. By default the configuration
153 files for syslinux *and* grub will be written so you've a working configuration
154 file no matter whether you're using grub or syslinux as bootloader.
158 This option is deprecated and is being left only for backwards compatibility
159 reasons. Syslinux is the default bootloader of grml2usb and therefore the
160 '--syslinux' option doesn't have any effects. If you do not want to use syslinux
161 as bootloader consider using the '--grub' option.
165 Install syslinux' master boot record (MBR, which is booting from the partition
166 with the "active" flag set) instead of the default one. If you encounter any
167 problems with the default MBR you can try using the syslinux MBR instead. If
168 that works for you please <<author,let us know>> so we can adjust our default
169 MBR accordingly. Note: When using the '--syslinux-mbr' option lilo is executed
170 before the MBR is installed so the according partitions are set active.
172 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
175 Install specified squashfs file instead of the default.
176 [Notice: not implemented yet.]
177 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
179 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
182 Uninstall grml ISO files.
183 [Notice: not implemented yet.]
184 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
188 Return version and exit.
198 Directory layout on usb device
199 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
203 | |-- allinone.img [grub - all in one image]
204 | |-- bsd4grml/ [MirBSD]
205 | |-- balder10.imz [FreeDOS]
206 | |-- memdisk [chainloading helper]
207 | |-- memtest [memtest86+]
210 | | |-- linux26 [Kernel]
211 | | |-- initrd.gz [initramfs]
213 | | |-- linux26 [Kernel]
214 | | |-- initrd.gz [initramfs]
216 | | |-- linux26 [...]
228 | |-- grml.png [graphical bootsplash background image for grub2]
229 | |-- grub.cfg [configuration file for grub2]
230 | |-- menu.lst [configuration file for grub1]
231 | |-- splash.xpm.gz [splash screen for grub1]
233 |-- grml.png [graphical bootsplash background image for syslinux]
234 |-- syslinux.cfg [main configuration file for syslinux]
235 `-- [....] [several further config files for syslinux]
238 |-- grml2usb.txt [not yet implemented]
239 |-- grml-cheatcodes.txt [list of bootoptions for grml]
240 |-- grml-version.txt [file containing information about grml-version]
241 |-- LICENSE.txt [license information]
242 |-- md5sums [md5sums of original ISO]
243 |-- README.txt [informational text]
244 `-- web/ [browser related files]
255 | |-- filesystem.module [module specifying which squashfs should be used for grml]
256 | `-- grml.squashfs [squashfs file for grml]
258 | |-- filesystem.module [module specifying which squashfs should be used for grml-medium]
259 | `-- grml-medium.squashfs [squashfs file for grml-medium]
261 | |-- filesystem.module [module specifying which squashfs should be used for grml-medium]
262 | `-- grml-small.squashfs [squashfs file for grml-small]
269 % git clone git://git.grml.org/grml2usb.git
272 Developers Debugging Hints
273 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
275 To play with grml2usb you can avoid using a real device via a loopback file
278 # dd if=/dev/zero of=~/loopback bs=1M count=100 # adjust size to your needs
279 # losetup /dev/loop1 ~/loopback
281 Then create according partitions either running for example:
283 # echo -en "n\np\n1\n\n\nt\n6\na\n1\n w\n" | fdisk /dev/loop1
287 # parted /dev/loop1 -s "mkpart primary fat16 0 -1s mkfs 1 fat16"
289 Finally create a filesystem and execute grml2usb as needed:
291 # mkfs.vfat /dev/loop1
292 # grml2usb --bootloader-only /grml/isos/grml-small_2009.10.iso /dev/loop1
294 [[performance-tracing]]
298 # blktrace -d /dev/sdX -o - | blkparse -i -
299 # grml2usb grml_2009.10.iso /dev/sdX1
302 Troubleshooting and Pitfalls when booting
303 -----------------------------------------
305 Here is a list of common error messages from BIOS/bootloader when trying to boot
308 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
309 TODO: better list type for the error message / reason part?
310 See http://www.methods.co.nz/asciidoc/userguide.html
311 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
314 *Error message*:: ran out of input data. System halted
316 *Reason*:: Everything OK, except for the filesystem used on your usb device. So
317 instead of fat16 you are using for example fat32. Fix: use the appropriate
318 filesystem (fat16 for usb pens usually). The Bootsplash might be displayed, the
319 kernel loads but you very soon get the error message.
321 *Error message*:: Invalid operating system
323 *Reason*:: the partition layout is not ok. Very probably there's no primary
324 partition (/dev/sdX{1..4}) or none has the flag 'bootable' set.
326 *Error message*:: Boot error.
328 *Reason*:: Some BIOSses offer different modes for USB booting. The proper mode
329 to boot a USB stick is USB-HDD. If that doesn’t work or is not supported by your
330 system, you need to format your USB-Stick as USB-ZIP. To do this, syslinux
331 contains an utility called mkdiskimage, which you can use to re-format your USB
332 stick in USB-ZIP format running 'mkdiskimage -4 /dev/sdX 1 64 32'. Please be
333 aware that this procedure will erase all data on your stick. After executing
334 mkdiskimage just continue installing as usual (grml2usb ... /dev/sdX4). Note
335 that this is not going to work for any device larger than 8 GB, since
336 mkdiskimage only supports 1024c 256h 63s. For a more detailed explanation, refer
337 to /usr/share/doc/syslinux-common/usbkey.txt.
339 *Error message*:: No operating system found.
341 *Reason*:: you forgot to set the boot-flag on the partition. Or there really isn't
342 any operating system at all. :)
344 *Error message*:: kernel-panic: unable to mount root-fs...
346 *Reason*:: Kernel boots but fails to find the root filesystem. The root=
347 argument in your kernel commandline is pointing to the wrong device. Adjust
348 root=..., consider using root=UUID=....
350 *Error message*:: Could not find kernel image: ...
352 *Reason*:: either a broken isolinux/syslinux version or a broken BIOS. Check out
353 whether the vendor provides a BIOS update or if using bootloader grub instead of
354 isolinux/syslinux fixes the problem.
357 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
358 --------------------------------
361 Where can I get grml2usb?
362 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
364 grml2usb is available as Debian package via link:http://deb.grml.org/[the
365 grml-testing Debian repository].
367 If you do not want to (or can't) use the grml2usb Debian package you can either
368 use the grml2usb git tree running:
370 git clone git://git.grml.org/grml2usb.git
375 or download the provided
376 link:http://grml.org/grml2usb/grml2usb.tgz[http://grml.org/grml2usb/grml2usb.tgz]
377 (link:http://grml.org/grml2usb/grml2usb.tgz.md5.asc[gpg signed md5 hash]).
378 Download and extract the tarball and execute the provided script 'install.sh'.
381 It is *NOT* enough to have just the grml2usb script itself without the according
382 files provided either via the Debian package, the git tree or the file
385 [[grml2hd-vs-grml2usb]]
386 What's the difference between grml2hd and grml2usb?
387 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
389 grml2hd installs a running grml system to a harddisk. When rebooting the
390 harddisk installation can be modified and changes will find their way to the
391 harddisk immediately. grml2usb copies just the compressed chroot filesystem
392 (being the squashfs file), some further informational files and a bootloader to
393 your device. This way you don't need as much space as with a harddisk
394 installation (just a USB device with >=ISO size) and when rebooting the system
395 your changes will be lost (unless you are using the persistency feature, see
396 link:http://wiki.grml.org/doku.php?id=persistency[http://wiki.grml.org/doku.php?id=persistency]).
397 Think of using a better CD version: booting is (usually) faster, you don't need
398 to burn a new CD when a new ISO version arrives (just install the new ISO using
399 grml2usb) and you can carry additional files on a writable medium with yourself.
402 Why can't I just dd the ISO to a USB device?
403 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
405 Well, you can. :) Starting with grml 2009.10 the ISOs are dd-able straight out-of-the-box.
408 Note that ANY existing data on your USB device will be destroyed when
409 using the dd approach.
411 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
412 Grab a recent grml ISO and use
413 link:http://syslinux.zytor.com/wiki/index.php/Doc/isolinux#HYBRID_CD-ROM.2FHARD_DISK_MODE[isohybrid
414 from the syslinux project]:
416 % isohybrid grml_2009.10.iso
417 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
419 This allows you to dd the Grml ISO to your USB device (use for example
420 link:http://www.chrysocome.net/rawwrite[rawwrite] if you've just a Windows
421 system available) running:
423 % dd if=grml_2009.10.iso of=/dev/sdX
425 where /dev/sdX is your USB device. Of course this doesn't provide such a
426 flexible system like with grml2usb (no multi-ISO setup, no additional default
427 bootoptions,...) but it's a nice way to get a working USB boot setup if you
428 don't have grml2usb available.
431 What's the difference between grml2usb and just using dd?
432 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
434 grml2usb does not remove any data from your USB device and does not alter the
435 partition table at all. grml2usb provides multi-ISO support, support for adding
436 default bootoptions and selecting the bootloader (syslinux vs. grub) without
437 having to manually touch the ISO at all.
443 grml2iso is a script which uses grml2usb to generate a multiboot ISO out of
444 several grml ISOs. See 'man grml2iso' for further details.
447 grml2usb fails with "Fatal: file default.cfg could not be found."
448 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
450 If you are trying to install an older grml ISO (older than grml 2009.10) with a
451 recent version of grml2usb then you might notice:
453 Fatal: file default.cfg could not be found.
454 Note: this grml2usb version requires an ISO generated by grml-live >=0.9.24 ...
455 ... either use grml releases >=2009.10 or switch to an older grml2usb version.
456 Please visit http://grml.org/grml2usb/#grml2usb-compat for further information
457 Fatal: a critical error happend during execution (not a grml ISO?), giving up
459 Breaking the backward compatibility was necessary to avoid maintainability hell.
460 If you want to install older grml ISOs please use the grml2usb-compat script
461 which provides support for older releases.
464 Why is there a menu.lst and a grub.cfg inside /boot/grub/?
465 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
467 grml2usb supports grub version 1 (grub1) as well as grub version 2 (grub2).
468 Whereas grub1 uses menu.lst the new version grub2 needs grub.cfg.
469 Providing both files allows grml2usb to install grub on the target device
470 no matter which grub version is available on the host where grml2usb is
474 grub-install fails with 'The file ../boot/grub/stage1 not read correctly"?!
475 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
477 Check whether the partition has the right partition type. For example do NOT use
478 FAT16 (partition type 6) when using a ext3 filesystem on the partition but
479 instead use the correct partition type ('83' - Linux) then.
481 [[grub-install-xfs_freeze]]
482 grub-install complains about /sbin/grub-install and/or xfs_freeze?!
483 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
485 The following message:
487 You shouldn't call /sbin/grub-install. Please call /usr/sbin/grub-install instead!
488 xfs_freeze: specified file ["/tmp/tmpqaBK6z/boot/grub"] is not on an XFS filesystem
490 This is "normal". grub-install sends those messages to stderr. To avoid hiding any
491 possible real error messages grml2usb doesn't ignore those messages.
494 grub-install complains about /boot/grub/device.map?!
495 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
497 The following message:
499 grub-probe: error: Cannot open `/boot/grub/device.map'
501 This is "normal" (at least with grub1). This isn't a problem, because the
502 device.map file will be generated on the target device anyway.
505 grub-install complains about a unary operator?!
506 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
508 The following message:
510 '/usr/sbin/grub-install: line 374: [: =: unary operator expected'
512 This is "normal". Just ignore it. (It usually doesn't appear
513 on the second invocation on the same device.)
515 [[unknown-filesystem]]
516 grub-install fails with grub-probe: error: unknown filesystem?!
517 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
519 The following message:
521 grub-probe: error: unknown filesystem
522 Auto-detection of a filesystem module failed.
523 Please specify the module with the option `--modules' explicitly.
525 usually means that the device partition table says something else than the
526 filesystem on the device. For example using FAT16 as filesystem type and
527 using FAT32 as filesystem on the partition will not work. Either set filesystem
528 type to FAT32 or format the partition using FAT16. It is essential that
529 device partition table and filesystem use the same filesystem type.
532 grub-setup fails after Attempting to install GRUB to a partition instead of the MBR?!
533 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
535 The following message:
537 grub-setup: warn: Attempting to install GRUB to a partition instead of the MBR. This is a BAD idea.
538 grub-setup: warn: Embedding is not possible. GRUB can only be installed in this setup by using blocklists. However, blocklists are UNRELIABLE and its use is discouraged.
539 grub-setup: error: Cannot read `/grub/core.img' correctly
541 appears when using grub2 versions older than 1.98 as those version introduced a
542 regression which avoids that grub is being installed into a partition (PBR,
543 Partition Boot Record) instead of MBR (Master Boot Record).
545 To work around this issue you can either 1) upgrade to grub versions >=1.98, 2)
546 install grub into the MBR (Master Boot Record) using the '--grub-mbr' option of
547 grml2usb or 3) switch to syslinux as bootmanager (just drop the '--grub'
551 I'm getting something like "Error: /usr/share/grml2usb/grub/splash.xpm.gz can not be read"!?
552 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
554 Looks like you've only the grml2usb script itself available. Please make sure
555 you've the grml2usb Debian package installed. The most resent stable version is
556 available via link:http://deb.grml.org/[the grml-testing Debian repository]. If
557 you do not have a Debian system please see section <<download,Where can I get
558 grml2usb?>> in this FAQ.
561 Why do I have to use a FAT16/FAT32 filesystem?
562 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
564 Syslinux (currently) does not support any other filesystems besides FAT16/FAT32
565 (though that's a sane default if you want to share your files with other
566 (operating) systems). If you want to use a different filesystem (like ext2/3)
567 use the bootloader grub instead using grml2usb's '--grub' option.
570 FAT32 is supported since syslinux version 3.0.
573 I think I've got a really cool idea!
574 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
576 Great! Please check out
577 link:http://git.grml.org/?p=grml2usb.git;a=blob;f=TODO;hb=HEAD[the TODO file].
578 Feel free to <<author,report your wishes to the author>>. Patches highly
582 I've problems with booting from USB.
583 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
585 Check out <<troubleshooting,Troubleshooting and Pitfalls when booting>>.
591 Please <<author,report it to the author>>. Please provide usage examples and output
592 of your grml2usb commandline (consider using the "\--verbose" option).
598 # grml2usb /home/grml/grml_2009.10.iso /dev/sdX1
600 Install specified ISO on device /dev/sdX1.
602 # grml2usb /home/grml/grml_2009.10.iso /home/grml/grml_small_2009.10.iso /dev/sdX1
604 Install specified ISOs on device /dev/sdX1 for multibooting ISOs.
606 # grml2usb /live/image /dev/sdX1
608 Install currently running grml live system on device /dev/sdX1.
610 # grml2usb /live/image /home/grml/grml_2009.10.iso /dev/sdX1
612 Install currently running grml live system and the specified
613 ISO on device /dev/sdX1 for multibooting.
615 # grml2usb --fat16 /home/grml/grml_2009.10.iso /dev/sdX1
617 Install specified ISO on device /dev/sdX1 and format partition /dev/sdX1 with
620 # grml2usb --grub --grub-mbr /home/grml/grml_2009.10.iso /dev/sdX1
622 Install specified ISO on device /dev/sdX1 and use grub as bootloader (instead of
623 syslinux being the default) and install a master boot record (MBR) to the MBR of
626 # grml2usb-compat /home/grml/grml_2009.05.iso /dev/sdX1
628 Install older grml ISO on device /dev/sdX1.
630 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
631 # grml2usb --kernel=/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-grml --initrd=/boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-grml \
632 /home/grml/grml_2009.10.iso /dev/sdX1
634 Install specified ISO on device /dev/sdX1 but use given kernel and initrd
635 instead of the ones provided by the ISO.
637 # grml2usb --squashfs=/grml/grml-live/grml_cd/live/grml.squashfs \
638 /home/grml/grml_2009.10.iso /dev/sdX1
640 Install specified ISO on device /dev/sdX1 but use given squashfs
641 file instead of the one provided by the ISO.
642 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
644 # grml2usb --bootoptions="lang=de ssh=mysecret" grml_2009.10.iso /dev/sdX1
646 Install specified ISO on device /dev/sdX1 and use "lang=de ssh=mysecret" as
650 # grml2usb --remove-bootoption="vga=791" --remove-bootoption="quiet" grml_2009.10.iso /dev/sdX1
652 Install specified ISO on device /dev/sdX1 remove vga=791 and quiet from existing bootoptions.
654 # grml2usb --bootoptions="persistent-path=%flavour_name" grml64_2010.04.iso grml_2010.04.iso /dev/sdX1
656 Install specified Isos on device /dev/sdx and add parameter persisten-path
657 to every menu entry. %flavour_name will be expanded to the flavour of the specific
658 iso, e.g. grml64 and grml.
664 Check out the link:http://grml.org/grml2usb/[grml2usb webpage] and the
665 link:http://git.grml.org/?p=grml2usb.git[grml2usb git repository].
670 Please report feedback, bugreports and wishes <<author,to the author>>.
675 Michael Prokop <mika@grml.org>
677 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
678 http://wiki.grml.org/doku.php?id=tips#multiboot_usb_pen
679 http://www.startx.ro/sugar/isotostick.sh
680 https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/FromUSBStick
681 http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/
682 http://www.tux.org/pub/people/kent-robotti/looplinux/rip/mkusb.sh
683 https://fedorahosted.org/liveusb-creator/
684 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////