1 Install grml to harddisk:
5 Notice: You can pre-select the partition for the partition selector
6 and mbr dialogs inside grml2hd using:
7 # grml2hd /dev/hda1 -mbr /dev/hda
9 See: man grml2hd + http://grml.org/grml2hd/
11 Install grml on software RAID level 1:
13 Create /dev/md0 (and some more /dev/md* devices) first of all:
14 # cd /dev && MAKEDEV dev
17 # mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=raid1 \
18 --raid-devices=2 /dev/hda1 /dev/hdc1
20 Finally install grml on it:
21 # SWRAID='mbr-only' grml2hd /dev/md0 -mbr /dev/md0
23 See: man grml2hd + http://grml.org/grml2hd/
25 Install grml in non interactive mode with grml2hd:
27 Adjust configuration as needed:
28 # vim /etc/grml2hd/config
32 # GRML2HD_NONINTERACTIVE=yes grml2hd
38 Use with care and only if you really know what you are doing!
40 See: man grml2hd + http://grml.org/grml2hd/
46 Deactivate error correction of zsh:
50 Run zsh-help for more information regarding zsh.
52 Disable automatic setting of title in GNU screen:
56 Set it manually e.g. via:
58 % screen -X title foobar
60 Run zsh-help for more information regarding zsh.
62 Do not use menu completion in zsh:
66 Run zsh-help for more information regarding zsh.
68 Run GNU screen with grml-configuration:
74 % screen -c /etc/grml/screenrc
76 Print out grml-version:
84 Configure mutt-ng / muttng:
88 Set up Inode-PPTP connection:
92 # grml-pptp-xdsl-students
94 Set up VPN / WLAN connection at TUG (TU Graz):
96 Set ESSID and request for ip-address via DHCP:
97 # iwconfig $DEVICE essid tug
100 Now run the main script:
103 After running the script an init script is available:
105 # /etc/init.d/vpnctug [start|stop]
107 Set up PPTP connection at VCG (Virtual Campus Graz):
117 # grml-vpn -k 2005 add 1000 192.168.20.1 192.168.20.2
121 Use encrypted files / partitions:
123 # grml-crypt <options>
129 # grml-crypt format /mnt/external1/encrypted_file /mnt/test
130 # cp big_file /mnt/test
131 # grml-crypt stop /mnt/test
135 # grml-crypt start /mnt/external1/encrypted_file /mnt/test
136 # grml-crypt stop /mnt/test
140 Change resolution of X:
142 % xrandr -s '1024x768'
144 Change resolution of framebuffer:
148 Configure newsreader slrn:
152 Configure grml system:
156 Or directly run scripts:
161 Lock screen (X / console):
165 Press ctrl-alt-x to lock a GNU screen session.
167 Change wallpaper in X:
169 % grml-wallpaper <press-tab>
171 Start X window system (XFree86 / Xorg / X.org):
173 % grml-x $WINDOWMANAGER
178 % grml-x -mode '1024x768' wmii
179 % grml-x -nosync wm-ng
181 Collect hardware information:
185 or run as root to collect some more information:
189 will generate a file named info.tar.bz2.
191 Configure hardware detection features of harddisk installation:
195 or manually edit /etc/grml/autoconfig[.small]
197 See: man grml-autoconfig
199 Bootoptions / cheatcodes / bootparams for booting grml:
201 On the grml-ISO if not running grml:
202 % less /cdrom/GRML/grml-cheatcodes.txt
205 % most /usr/share/doc/grml-docs/grml-cheatcodes.txt.gz
207 Report bugs to Debian's Bug Tracking System (BTS):
209 % reportbug --bts debian
211 or adjust /etc/reportbug.conf to your needs.
215 http://grml.org/bugs/
216 http://www.debian.org/Bugs/
218 Offline documentation:
222 Online documentation:
225 http://grml.org/docs/
226 http://wiki.grml.org/doku.php
228 Mount ntfs partition (read-write):
231 # ntfsmount /dev/hda1 /mnt/hda1
233 Overwrite specific file on an NTFS partition:
235 ntfscp /dev/hda1 /tmp/file_source path/to/file_target
237 Resize an NTFS partition:
243 ntfsresize -n -s 10G /dev/hda1 # testcase
244 ntfsresize -s 10G /dev/hda1 # testing was successfull, now really resize partition
245 cfdisk /dev/hda # delete partition hda1, create new one with 10000MB and fs-type 07 (NTFS)
247 Modify resolution for intel graphic chipsets:
253 # 915resolution 4d 1400 1050
255 Connect bluetooth mouse:
259 ... and press 'connect' button on your bluetooth device.
261 Connect bluetooth headset:
265 ... and press 'connect' button on your bluetooth device.
267 Secure delete file / directory / partition:
273 Also take a look at shred(1), sfill(1) and http://dban.sourceforge.net/
275 Use grml on Samsung X20 laptop:
277 # apt-get install grml-samsung-x20
279 See: http://www.michael-prokop.at/computer/samsung_x20.html
281 Development information regarding grml:
283 http://grml.supersized.org/
287 #grml on irc.freenode.org - http://grml.org/irc/
288 http://grml.org/contact/
290 Join the grml mailinglist:
292 http://grml.org/mailinglist/
296 http://grml.org/donations/
298 Commercial support / system administration / adjusted live-cds:
300 grml-solutions: http://grml.org/solutions/
302 Information regarding the kernel provided by grml:
304 http://grml.org/kernel/
306 SMTP command-line test tool:
312 % swaks -s $MAILSERVER -tlsc -a -au $ACCOUNT -ap $PASSWORD -f $MAILADRESSE -t $MAILADRESSE
316 NTFS related packages:
322 Modify service through init script:
329 # /etc/init.d/lvm start
333 # jstest /dev/input/js0
337 % mplayer /path/to/movie
339 Use webcam with mplayer:
341 % mplayer tv:// -tv driver=v4l:width=352:height=288:outfmt=yv12:device=/dev/video0
343 Powerful network discovery tool:
347 Grab an entire CD and compress it to Ogg/Vorbis,
348 MP3, FLAC, Ogg/Speex and/or MPP/MP+(Musepack) format:
352 Show a console session in several terminals:
356 Switch behaviour of caps lock key:
360 grep with Perl-compatible regular expressions:
364 ncp: a fast file copy tool for LANs
369 Remote (receive file):
372 utility for sorting records in complex ways:
376 a smaller, cheaper, faster SED implementation:
384 See: http://grml.org/zsh/
386 zsh reference card for grml system:
389 /usr/share/doc/grml-docs/zsh/grml-zsh-refcard.pdf.gz
393 % for i in foo* ; do mv "$i" "bar${i/foo}" ; done
395 % prename 's/foo/bar/' foo*
397 % zmv 'foo(*)' 'bar$1'
399 Test TFT / LCD display:
407 Improved grep version:
411 Grep with highlighting:
413 % grep --color=auto ...
416 Extract matches when grepping:
419 % ifconfig | grepc 'inet addr:(.*?)\s'
420 % ifconfig | glark --extract-matches 'inet addr:(.*?)\s'
422 Output text as sound:
425 % xsay # when running X and text selected via mouse
427 Adjust a grml harddisk (grml2hd) installation:
431 Get information on movie files:
433 % tcprobe -i file.avi
435 Get an overview of your image files:
437 % convert 'vid:*.jpg' thumbnails.jpg
439 List all standard defines:
441 % gcc -dM -E - < /dev/null
443 Send a mail as reminder:
445 echo "mail -s 'check TODO-list' $MAILADDRESS < /dev/null" | at 23:42
447 ncurses-based presentation tool:
451 See: man tpp and /usr/share/doc/tpp/examples/
453 Use ICQ / Jabber / Yahoo! / AIM / MSN /... on command line:
457 Use IRC on command line:
463 % vimdiff file1 file2
469 Moving between diffs:
479 Hardware monitoring without kernel dependencies:
483 Install grml-iso to usb-stick:
485 % grml2usb grml.iso /mount/point
487 Use mplayer on framebuffer console:
489 % mplayer -vo fbdev ...
491 Use links2 on framebuffer console:
493 % links2 -driver fb ...
495 Switch language / keyboard:
497 * use the bootparam lang to set language environment ($LANG, $LC_ALL, $LANGUAGE)
498 * use the bootparams keyboard / xkeyboard to activate specific keyboard layout
499 Usage example: 'grml lang=us keyboard=de xkeyboard=de'
501 Or run one of the following commands:
505 # loadkeys i386/qwertz/de-latin1-nodeadkeys.kmap.gz # console
508 Switch setting of caps-control key (switch between ctrl + shift) on keyboard:
512 Mount usb device / usb stick:
514 % mount /mnt/external1 # corresponds to /dev/sda1
516 % mount /mnt/external # corresponds to /dev/sda
518 Install Sun Java packages:
520 Download j2re.bin-file from http://java.sun.com/downloads/index.html and run
522 # apt-get install java-package
523 # fakeroot make-jpkg j2re-*.bin
524 # dpkg -i sun-j2re*.deb
525 # update-alternatives --config java
529 ddrescue is an improved version of dd which tries to read and
530 if it fails it will go on with the next sectors, where tools
537 How to make an audio file (e.g. Musepack format) out of a DVD track:
539 % mkfifo /tmp/fifo.wav
540 % mppenc /tmp/fifo.wav track06.mpc &
541 % mplayer -vo null -vc null -ao pcm:fast:file=/tmp/fifo.wav -dvd-device /dev/dvd dvd://1 -chapter 6-6
543 Adjust the mppenc line with the encoder you would like to use,
544 for example 'oggenc -o track06.ogg /tmp/fifo.wav' for ogg files.
548 % mplayer -vo null -dumpaudio -dumpfile track06.raw -aid N -dvd-device /dev/dvd dvd://1 -chapter 6-6
549 to extract audio without processing, where 'N' is the corresponding audio channel (see 'man mplayer')
551 Usage example for getting a PCM/wave file from audio channel 128:
552 % mplayer -vo null -vc null -ao pcm:fast:file=track06.wav -aid 128 -dvd-device /dev/dvd dvd://6
554 Create simple chroot:
556 # make_chroot_jail $USERNAME
558 Convert DOS formated file to unix format:
560 sed 's/.$//' dosfile > unixfile # assumes that all lines end with CR/LF
561 sed 's/^M$//' dosfile > unixfile # in bash/tcsh, press Ctrl-V then Ctrl-M
562 sed 's/\x0D$//' dosfile > unixfile # gsed 3.02.80, but top script is easier
563 awk '{sub(/\r$/,"");print}' # assumes EACH line ends with Ctrl-M
564 gawk -v BINMODE="w" '1' infile >outfile # in DOS environment; cannot be done with
565 # DOS versions of awk, other than gawk
566 tr -d \r < dosfile > unixfile # GNU tr version 1.22 or higher
567 tr -d '\015' < dosfile > unixfile # use octal value for "\r" (see man ascii)
568 tr -d '[\015\032]' < dosfile > unixfile # sometimes ^Z is appended to DOS-files
569 vim -c ":set ff=unix" -c ":wq" file # convert using vim
570 vim -c "se ff=dos|x" file # ... and even shorter ;)
571 recode ibmpc..lat1 file # convert using recode
572 echo -e "s/\r//g" > dos2unix.sed; sed -f dos2unix.sed < dosfile > unixfile
574 Save live audio stream to file:
576 % mplayer -ao pcm:file=$FILE $URL
578 Save live stream to file:
580 % mplayer -dumpfile $FILE -dumpstream $STREAM
584 % mencoder mms://$URL -o $FILE -ovc copy -oac copy
588 % mimms mms://file.wmv
594 % avimerge -i *.avi -o blub.avi
598 % cat *.mpg > blub.mpg
602 % mencoder file1.wmv -ovc lavc -oac lavc -ofps 25 -srate 48000 -mc 0 -noskip -forceidx -o file1.avi
603 % mencoder file2.wmv -ovc lavc -oac lavc -ofps 25 -srate 48000 -mc 0 -noskip -forceidx -o file2.avi
604 % avimerge -i file1.avi file2.avi -o blub.avi
606 Display MS-Word file:
608 % strings file.doc | fmt | less
614 Convert MS-Word file to postscript:
616 % antiword -p a4 file.doc > file.ps
618 Convert manual to postscript:
620 % zcat /usr/share/man/man1/zsh.1.gz | groff -man > zsh.1.ps
622 % man -t zsh > zsh.ps
626 % dd if=/dev/mem bs=1k skip=768 count=256 2>/dev/null | strings -n 8
628 Read HTTP via netcat:
630 echo -e "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: $DOMAIN\r\n\r\n" | netcat $DOMAIN 80
632 Get X ressources for specific program:
634 % xrdb -q |grep -i xterm
636 Get windowid of specific X-window:
638 % xwininfo -int | grep "Window id:" | cut -d ' ' -f 4
640 Get titel of specific X-window:
644 check locale - LC_MESSAGES:
646 % locale -ck LC_MESSAGES
648 Create random password:
652 % dd if=/dev/urandom bs=14 count=1 | hexdump | cut -c 9-
654 Get tarballs of various Linux Kernel trees:
657 to get the current stable 2.6 release
660 to get a list of all supported trees
662 Transfer your SSH public key to another host:
664 % ssh-keygen # ssh-keygen / ssh-key-gen: if you don't have a key yet
666 % ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub user@remote-system
668 % cat $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh user@remote-system 'cat >> .ssh/authorized_keys'
670 Update /etc/fstab entries:
674 See "man grml-rebuildfstab" for more details about
675 generation of /etc/fstab (including stuff like
676 fs LABELs / UUIDs,...).
678 Fetch and potentially change SCSI device parameters:
684 reclaim disk space by linking identical files together:
688 Find and remove duplicate files:
692 Perform layer 2 attacks:
698 Guess PC-type hard disk partitions / partition table:
702 Perform a standard scan:
705 Write back the guessed table:
706 # gpart -W /dev/ice /dev/ice
708 Develop, test and use exploit code with the Metasploit Framework:
711 wget http://spool.metasploit.com/releases/framework-3.2.tar.gz
712 unp framework-3.2.tar.gz
716 Useful documentation:
718 % w3m /usr/share/doc/Debian/reference/reference.en.html
720 % xpdf =(zcat /usr/share/doc/Debian/reference/reference.en.pdf.gz)
722 http://grml.org/docs/ grml Documentation
723 http://wiki.grml.org/ grml Wiki
724 http://www.debian.org/doc/ Debian Documentation
725 http://wiki.debian.org/ Debian Wiki
726 http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/ Gentoo Documentation
727 http://gentoo-wiki.com/ Gentoo Wiki
728 http://www.tldp.org/ The Linux Documentation Project
732 % fortune debian-hints
736 % fortune debian-hints
737 % dpkg -L funny-manpages
739 Backup master boot record (MBR):
741 # dd if=/dev/ice of=/tmp/backup_of_mbr bs=512 count=1
743 Backup partition table:
745 # sfdisk -d /dev/hda > hda.out
747 Restore partition table:
749 # sfdisk /dev/hda < hda.out
751 Clone disk via network using netcat:
754 # nc -vlp 30000 > hda1.img
756 # dd if=/dev/hda1 | nc -vq 0 192.168.1.2 30000
758 Adjust blocksize (dd's option bs=...) and include 'gzip -c'
761 # dd if=/dev/hda1 bs=32M | gzip -c | nc -vq 0 192.168.1.2 30000
763 Backup specific directories via cpio and ssh:
765 # for f in directory_list; do find $f >> backup.list done
766 # cpio -v -o --format=newc < backup.list | ssh user@host "cat > backup_device"
770 This one uses CPU cycles on the remote server to compare the files:
771 # ssh target_address cat remotefile | diff - localfile
772 # cat localfile | ssh target_address diff - remotefile
774 This one uses CPU cycles on the local server to compare the files:
775 # ssh target_address cat <localfile "|" diff - remotefile
777 Useful tools for cloning / backups:
779 * dd: convert and copy a file
780 * dd_rescue: copies data from one file (or block device) to another
781 * pcopy: a replacement for dd
782 * partimage: back up and restore disk partitions
783 * dirvish: Disk based virtual image network backup system
784 * devclone: in-place filesystem conversion -- device cloning
785 * ntfsclone: efficiently clone, image, restore or rescue an NTFS
786 * dump: ext2/3 filesystem backup
787 * udpcast: multicast file transfer tool
788 * cpio: copy files to and from archives
789 * pax: read and write file archives and copy directory hierarchies
790 * netcat / ssh / tar / gzip / bzip2: additional helper tools
792 Use grml as a rescue system:
796 * dd: convert and copy a file
797 * ddrescue: copies data from one file or block device to another
798 * partimage: Linux/UNIX utility to save partitions in a compressed image file
799 * cfdisk: Partition a hard drive
800 * nparted: Newt and GNU Parted based disk partition table manipulator
801 * parted-bf: The GNU Parted disk partition resizing program, small version
802 * testdisk: Partition scanner and disk recovery tool
803 * gpart: Guess PC disk partition table, find lost partitions
807 * e2fsprogs: ext2 file system utilities and libraries
808 * e2tools: utilities for manipulating files in an ext2/ext3 filesystem
809 * e2undel: Undelete utility for the ext2 file system
810 * ext2resize: an ext2 filesystem resizer
811 * recover: Undelete files on ext2 partitions
815 * reiser4progs: administration utilities for the Reiser4 filesystem
816 * reiserfsprogs: User-level tools for ReiserFS filesystems
820 * xfsdump: Administrative utilities for the XFS filesystem
821 * xfsprogs: Utilities for managing the XFS filesystem
825 * jfsutils: utilities for managing the JFS filesystem
829 * ntfsprogs: tools for doing neat things in NTFS partitions from Linux
830 * salvage-ntfs: free NTFS data recovery tools
831 * scrounge-ntfs: data recovery program for NTFS file systems
832 * ntfsresize: resize ntfs partitions
834 Get ASCII value of a character with zsh:
836 % char=N ; print $((#char))
838 Convert a collection of mp3 files to wave or cdr using zsh:
840 % for i (./*.mp3){mpg321 --w - $i > ${i:r}.wav}
842 Convert images (foo.gif to foo.png) using zsh:
844 % for i in **/*.gif; convert $i $i:r.png
846 Remove all "non txt" files using zsh:
850 Remote Shell Using SSH:
853 % ssh -NR 3333:localhost:22 user@yourhost
856 % ssh user@localhost -p 3333
858 Reverse Shell with Netcat:
861 % netcat -v -l -p 3333 -e /bin/sh
864 % netcat 192.168.0.1 3333
866 Reverse Shell via SSH:
868 local host (inside the network):
869 % ssh -NR 1234:localhost:22 remote_host
871 remote host (outside the network):
872 % ssh localhost -p 1234
874 Remove empty directories with zsh:
876 % rmdir ./**/*(/od) 2> /dev/null
878 Find all the empty directories in a tree with zsh:
882 Find all files without a valid owner and change ownership with zsh:
884 % chmod user /**/*(D^u:${(j.:u:.)${(f)"$(</etc/passwd)"}%%:*}:)
886 Display the 5-10 last modified files with zsh:
888 % print -rl -- /path/to/dir/**/*(D.om[5,10])
890 Find and list the ten newest files in directories and subdirs (recursive) with zsh:
892 % print -rl -- **/*(Dom[1,10])
894 Find most recent file in a directory with zsh:
896 % setopt dotglob ; print directory/**/*(om[1])
898 Tunnel all traffic through an external server:
900 % ssh -ND 3333 username@external.machine
902 Then set the SOCKS4/5 proxy to localhost:3333.
903 Check whether it's working by surfing e.g. to checkip.dyndns.org
905 Tunnel everything through SSH via tsocks:
907 set up the SSH proxy on the client side:
909 % ssh -ND 3333 user@remote.host.example.com
911 Adjust /etc/tsocks.conf afterwards (delete all other lines):
916 For programs who natively support proxying connections (e.g. Mozilla
917 Firefox) you can now set the proxy address to localhost port 3333.
919 All other programs which's connections you want to tunnel through your
920 external host are prefixed with tsocks, e.g.:
922 % tsocks netcat example.com 80
923 % tsocks irssi -c irc.quakenet.eu.org -p 6667
925 If you call tsocks without parameters it executes a shell witht the
926 LD_PRELOAD environment variable already set and exported.
928 smartctl - control and monitor utility for harddisks using Self-Monitoring,
929 Analysis and Reporting Technology (SMART):
931 # smartctl --all /dev/ice
933 If you want to use smartctl on S-ATA (sata) disks use:
935 # smartctl -d ata --all /dev/sda
938 # smartctl -t offline /dev/ice
941 # smartctl -t short /dev/ice
943 Display results of test:
944 # smartctl -l selftest /dev/ice
946 Query device information:
947 # smartctl -i /dev/ice
949 Mount a BSD / Solaris partition:
951 # mount -t ufs -o ufstype=ufs2 /dev/hda1 /mnt/hda1
953 Use ufstype 44bsd for FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD (read-write).
954 Use ufstype ufs2 for >= FreeBSD 5.x (read-only).
955 Use ufstype sun for SunOS (Solaris) (read-write).
956 Use ufstype sunx86 for SunOS for Intel (Solarisx86) (read-write).
958 See /usr/share/doc/linux-doc-$(uname -r)/Documentation/filesystems/ufs.txt.gz
961 Read BIOS (and or BIOS) password:
963 # dd if=/dev/mem bs=512 skip=2 count=1 | hexdump -C | head
965 Clone one of the kernel trees via git:
967 git clone rsync://rsync.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git
968 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
969 This path defines the tree. See http://kernel.org/git/ for an overview.
971 Mount filesystems over ssh protocol:
973 % sshfs user@host:/remote_dir /mnt/test
977 % fusermount -u /mnt/test
979 (Notice: requires fuse kernel module)
981 Install Gentoo using grml:
983 See http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/altinstall.xml
985 Install (plain) Debian (sarge release) via grml:
987 Assuming you want to install Debian to sda1:
989 mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1 # make an ext3 filesystem on /dev/sda1
990 mount -o rw,suid,dev /dev/sda1 /mnt/test # now mount the new partition
991 debootstrap sarge /mnt/test ftp://ftp.tugraz.at/mirror/debian # get main packages from a debian-mirror
992 chroot /mnt/test /bin/bash # let's chroot into the new system
993 mount -t devpts none /dev/pts # ...otherwise running base-config might fail ("Terminated" or "openpty failed")
994 mount -t proc none /proc # make sure we also have a mounted /proc
995 base-config # now configure some main settings
996 vi /etc/mkinitrd/mkinitrd.conf # adjust $ROOT (to /dev/sda1) for your new partition, autodetection will fail in chroot
997 cd /dev ; ./MAKEDEV generic # make sure we have all necessary devices for lilo
998 apt-get install lilo linux-image-2.6.12-1-386 # install lilo and a kernel which fits your needs
999 cp /usr/share/doc/lilo/examples/conf.sample /etc/lilo.conf # let's use a template
1000 vi /etc/lilo.conf && lilo # adjust the file for your needs and run lilo afterwards
1001 umount /proc ; umount /dev/pts # we do not need them any more
1002 exit # now leave chroot
1003 cp /etc/hosts /etc/fstab /mnt/test/etc/ # you might want to take the existing files...
1004 cp /etc/network/interfaces /mnt/test/etc/network/ # ...from the running grml system for your new system
1005 umount /mnt/test && reboot # unmount partition and reboot...
1007 See also: http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/apcs04.html.en
1008 Avoid all of the above steps - use grml-debootstrap(8) instead!
1010 Install (plain) Debian (etch release) via grml
1012 Assuming you want to install Debian to sda1:
1014 mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1 # make an ext3 filesystem on /dev/sda1
1015 mount -o rw,suid,dev /dev/sda1 /mnt/test # now mount the new partition
1016 debootstrap etch /mnt/test ftp://ftp.tugraz.at/mirror/debian # get main packages from a debian-mirror
1017 chroot /mnt/test /bin/bash # let's chroot into the new system
1018 mount -t proc none /proc # make sure we have a mounted /proc
1019 apt-get install locales console-data # install locales
1020 dpkg-reconfigure locales console-data # adjust locales to your needs
1021 apt-get install vim most zsh screen less initrd-tools file grub \
1022 usbutils pciutils bzip2 sysfsutils dhcp3-client resolvconf \
1023 strace lsof w3m # install useful software
1024 apt-get install linux-headers-2.6-686 linux-image-686 # install current kernel
1026 echo "127.0.0.1 localhost" > /etc/hosts # adjust /etc/hosts and network:
1027 cat >> /etc/network/interfaces << EOF
1028 iface lo inet loopback
1029 iface eth0 inet dhcp
1034 ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Vienna /etc/localtime # adjust timezone and /etc/fstab:
1035 cat >> /etc/fstab << EOF
1036 sysfs /sys sysfs auto 0 0
1037 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
1038 /dev/sda1 / ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro 0 1
1039 /dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0
1040 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom0 iso9660 ro,user,noauto 0 0
1042 passwd # set password of user root
1044 mkdir /boot/grub # setup grub
1045 cp /usr/share/doc/grub/examples/menu.lst /boot/grub
1046 cat >> /boot/grub/menu.lst << EOF
1047 title Debian Etch, kernel 2.6.18-3-686 (on /dev/sda1)
1049 kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-3-686 root=/dev/sda1 ro
1050 initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.18-3-686
1052 vim /boot/grub/menu.lst # adjust grub configuration to your needs
1053 cd /dev && MAKEDEV generic # create default devices
1054 cp -i /usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/* /boot/grub/ # copy stage-files to /boot/grub/
1055 grub install # now install grub, run in grub-cmdline following commands:
1059 umount -a # unmount all filesystems in chroot and finally:
1060 exit # exit the chroot and:
1063 If you want to use lilo instead of grub take a look at
1064 /usr/share/doc/lilo/examples/conf.sample or use the following template:
1066 cat > /etc/lilo.conf << EOF
1067 # This allows booting from any partition on disks with more than 1024 cylinders.
1070 # Specifies the boot device
1073 # Specifies the device that should be mounted as root.
1076 # use Debian on software raid:
1077 # raid-extra-boot=mbr-only
1085 image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-grml
1089 initrd=/boot/initrd.img-2.6.18-grml
1092 See also: http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/apcs04.html.en
1093 Avoid all of the above steps - use grml-debootstrap(8) instead!
1095 Convert files from Unicode / UTF-8 to ISO:
1097 % iconv -c -f utf8 -t iso-8859-15 < utffile > isofile
1101 % iconv -f iso-8859-15 -t utf8 < isofile > utffile
1103 Assign static setup for network cards (eth0 and eth1) via udev:
1105 First method - manual:
1106 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1107 Get information for SYSFS address:
1108 # udevadm info -a -p /sys/class/net/eth0/ | grep address
1110 Then create udev rules:
1111 # cat /etc/udev/network.rules
1113 KERNEL=="eth*", SYSFS{address}=="00:00:00:00:00:01", NAME="wlan0"
1114 KERNEL=="eth*", SYSFS{address}=="00:00:00:00:00:02", NAME="lan0"
1115 # do not match eth* drivers but also e.g. firewire stuff:
1116 ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="net", SYSFS{address}=="00:00:00:00:00:03", NAME="1394"
1118 Now activate the rules:
1119 # cd /etc/udev/rules.d/ && ln -s ../network.rules z35_network.rules
1121 Unload the drivers, restart udev and load the drivers again to activate
1124 Second method - automatic:
1125 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1126 Run /lib/udev/write_net_rules shipped with recent udev versions:
1128 # INTERFACE=wlan1 /lib/udev/write_net_rules 00:00:00:00:00:04
1130 This command will create /etc/udev/rules.d/z25_persistent-net.rules containing:
1132 SUBSYSTEM=="net", DRIVER=="?*", SYSFS{address}=="00:00:00:00:00:04", NAME=wlan1
1134 See /usr/share/doc/udev/writing_udev_rules/index.html for more information.
1136 Change the suffix from *.sh to *.pl using zsh:
1139 % zmv -W '*.sh' '*.pl'
1141 Generate SSL certificate:
1143 Create self signed certificate (adjust /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf if necessary):
1144 # openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:1024 -keyout keyfile -out certfile -days 9999 -nodes
1147 # openssl x509 -in certfile -text
1149 Verify against CA certificate:
1150 # openssl verify -CAfile cacert.crt -verbose -purpose sslserver
1152 Generate 2048bit RSA-key:
1153 # openssl req -new -x509 -keyout pub-sec-key.pem -out pub-sec-key.pem -days 365 -nodes
1155 As before but add request to existing key pub-sec-key.pem:
1156 # openssl req -new -out request.pem -keyin pub-sec-key.pem
1158 Show request request.pem:
1159 # openssl req -text -noout -in request.pem
1161 Verify signature of request request.pem:
1162 # openssl req -verify -noout -in request.pem
1164 Generate SHA1 fingerprint (modulo key) of request.pem:
1165 # openssl req -noout -modulus -in request.pem | openssl sha1 -c
1167 Generate 2048bit RSA-key and put it to pub-sec-key.pem. Save self signed certificate in self-signed-certificate.pem:
1168 # openssl req -x509 -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -out self-signed-certificate.pem -keyout pub-sec-key.pem
1170 As before but create self signed certificate based on existing key pub-sec-key.pem:
1171 # openssl req -x509 -days 365 -new -out self-signed-certificate.pem -key pub-sec-key.pem
1173 Generate new request out of existing self signed certificate:
1174 # openssl x509 -x509toreq -in self-signed-certificate.pem -signkey pub-sec-key.pem -out request.pem
1176 Display certificate self-signed-certificate.pem in plaintext:
1177 # openssl x509 -text -noout -md5 -in self-signed-certificate.pem
1179 Check self signed certificate:
1180 # openssl verify -issuer_checks -CAfile self-signed-certificate.pem self-signed-certificate.pem
1182 Estable OpenSSL-connection using self-signed-certificate.pem and display certificate:
1183 # openssl s_client -showcerts -CAfile self-signed-certificate.pem -connect www.example.com:443
1185 Generate ssl-certificate for use with apache2:
1187 export RANDFILE=/dev/random
1188 mkdir /etc/apache2/ssl/
1189 openssl req $@ -new -x509 -days 365 -nodes -out /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.pem -keyout /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.pem
1190 chmod 600 /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.pem
1192 Also take a look at make-ssl-cert (debconf wrapper for openssl):
1194 # /usr/sbin/make-ssl-cert /usr/share/ssl-cert/ssleay.cnf /etc/apache2/apache.pem
1196 and mod-ssl-makecert (utility to create SSL certificates in /etc/apache/ssl.*/).
1198 Change Windows NT password(s):
1200 # mount -o rw /mnt/hda1
1201 # cd /mnt/hda1/WINDOWS/system32/config/
1202 # chntpw SAM SECURITY system
1204 Notice: if mounting the partition read-write did not work (check syslog!)
1205 try using mount.ntfs-3g instead: mount.ntfs-3g /dev/hda1 /mnt/hda1
1207 (Be careful with deactivating syskey!)
1209 glark - replacement for grep written in Ruby:
1211 A replacement for (or supplement to) the grep family, glark offers:
1212 Perl compatible regular expressions, highlighting of matches,
1213 context around matches, complex expressions and automatic exclusion
1218 % glark -y keyword file # display only the region that matched, not the entire line
1219 % glark -o format print *.h # search for either "printf" or "format"
1221 More information: man glark
1223 Find CD burning device(s):
1225 General information on CD-ROM:
1226 % cat /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info
1228 Scan using ATA Packet specific SCSI transport:
1229 # cdrecord -dev=ATA -scanbus
1230 # cdrecord-prodvd -s -scanbus dev=ATA
1232 Get specific information for /dev/ice:
1233 # cdrecord dev=/dev/ice -scanbus
1235 Create devices in /dev on udev:
1237 For example create md devices (/dev/md0, /dev/md1,...):
1238 # cd /dev ; WRITE_ON_UDEV=1 ./MAKEDEV md
1240 Identify network device (NIC):
1242 # ethtool -i $DEVICE
1244 Show NIC statistics:
1246 # ethtool -S $DEVICE
1248 If your NIC shows some aging signs, you may want to be sure:
1250 # ethtool -t $DEVICE
1252 Disable TCP/UDP checksums:
1254 # ethtool -K $DEVICE tx off
1256 grml2hd seems to hang? Getting Squashfs errors? Problems while booting?
1258 Switch to tty12 and take a look at the syslog. If you see something like:
1260 SQUASHFS error: zlib_fs returned unexpected result 0x........
1261 SQUASHFS error: Unable to read cache block [.....]
1262 SQUASHFS error: Unable to read inode [.....]
1264 your ISO/CD-ROM very probably is not ok. Verify it via booting with grml testcd.
1265 Check your CD low-level via running:
1267 # readcd -c2scan dev=/dev/cdrom
1269 If the medium really is ok and it still fails try to boot with deactivated DMA
1270 via using grml nodma at the bootprompt.
1272 Write a Microsoft compatible boot record (MBR) using ms-sys
1274 Write a Windows 2000/XP/2003 MBR to a device:
1276 # ms-sys -m /dev/ice
1278 Notice: grab ms-sys from http://ms-sys.sourceforge.net/ - demo:
1280 wget http://surfnet.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/ms-sys/ms-sys-2.1.3.tgz
1281 unp ms-sys-2.1.3.tgz
1286 Use a Vodafone 3G Datacard (UMTS) with Linux:
1288 Plug in your vodafone card and check in syslog whether the appropriate
1289 (probably /dev/ttyUSB0 or /dev/noz0) has been created. If so run:
1292 # wvdial --config /etc/wvdial.conf.umts $PROFILE
1295 # comgt -d /dev/ttyUSB0
1296 # wvdial --config /etc/wvdial.conf.umts a1usb
1298 # comgt -d /dev/noz0
1299 # wvdial --config /etc/wvdial.conf.umts tmnozomi
1301 # comgt -d /dev/noz0
1302 # wvdial --config /etc/wvdial.conf.umts dreiusb
1304 # comgt -d /dev/ttyACM0
1305 # wvdial --config /etc/wvdial.conf.umts yesss
1307 If you receive invalid DNS nameservers when connecting, like:
1310 --> primary DNS address 10.11.12.13
1311 --> secondary DNS address 10.11.12.14
1313 just provide a working nameserver to resolvconf via:
1315 # echo "nameserver 80.120.17.70" | resolvconf -a ppp0
1317 Notice: some vodafone cards require the nozomi driver (run 'modprobe nozomi' on
1318 your grml system), some other ones require the sierra driver (run
1321 If your device isn't supported by usbserial yet, manually provide vendor and
1322 product ID when loading the usbserial module. Usage example:
1326 Bus 004 Device 008: ID 1199:6813 Sierra Wireless, Inc.
1328 # modprobe usbserial vendor=0x1199 product=0x6813
1330 To get a list of available providers execute:
1332 # comgt -s -d /dev/ttyUSB0 /etc/comgt/operator
1334 hdparm - get/set hard disk parameters
1336 Display the identification info that was obtained from the drive at boot time,
1338 # hpdarm -i /dev/ice
1340 Request identification info directly from the drive:
1341 # hpdarm -I /dev/ice
1343 Perform timings of device + cache reads for benchmark and comparison purposes:
1344 # hdparm -tT /dev/ice
1346 bonnie++ - program to test hard drive performance.
1348 # mkdir /mnt/benchmark
1349 # mount /dev/ice /mnt/benchmark
1350 # chmod go+w /mnt/benchmark
1351 # bonnie -u grml -d /mnt/benchmark -s 2000M
1353 Use gizmo with a bluetooth headset:
1355 % DEVICE="/dev/dsp$(awk '/- BT Headset/ {print $1}' /proc/asound/cards)"
1356 % gizmo --mic $DEVICE --speaker $DEVICE
1358 Scan a v4l device for TV stations:
1360 % scantv -c /dev/video0 -C /dev/vbi0 -o ~/.xawtv
1362 Then running xawtv should work:
1366 Run apt-get with timeout of 3 seconds:
1368 # apt-get -o acquire::http::timeout=3 update
1370 Debian GNU/Linux device driver check page
1372 % $BROWSER http://kmuto.jp/debian/hcl/index.cgi
1374 Use dd with status line:
1376 # dd if=/dev/ice conv=noerror,notrunc,sync | buffer -S 100k | dd of=/tmp/file
1378 Generate a 512k file of random data with status bar:
1380 % dd if=/dev/random bs=1024 count=512 | bar -s 512k -of ./random
1382 Install Grub instead of lilo on grml installation (grml2hd):
1387 adjust grub's configuration file menu.lst:
1388 # $EDITOR /boot/grub/menu.lst
1390 now install grub (usage example for /dev/sda1):
1395 Install Ubuntu using grml:
1397 See https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Installation/FromKnoppix
1399 Resize ext2 / ext3 partition:
1401 # tune2fs -O '^has_journal' /dev/iceX # disable journaling
1402 # fsck.ext2 -v -y -f /dev/iceX # check the filesystem
1403 # resize2fs -p /dev/iceX $SIZE # resize it (adjust $SIZE)
1404 # fdisk /dev/ice # adjust partition in partition table
1405 # fsck.ext2 -v -y -f /dev/iceX # check filesystem again
1406 # resize2fs -p /dev/iceX # resize it to maximum
1407 # tune2fs -j /dev/iceX # re-enable journal
1409 Tune ext2 / ext3 filesystem:
1411 Check partition first:
1413 # tune2fs -l /dev/iceX
1415 If you don't see dir_index in the list, then enable it:
1417 # tune2fs -O dir_index /dev/iceX
1419 Now run e2fsck with the -D option to have the directories optimized:
1421 # e2fsck -D /dev/iceX
1423 Notice: since e2fsprogs (1.39-1) filesystems are created with
1424 directory indexing and on-line resizing enabled by default.
1426 Search for printers via network:
1428 # pconf_detect -m NETWORK -i 192.168.0.1/24
1430 Mount a remote directory via webdav (e.g. Mediacenter of GMX):
1432 # mount -t davfs https://mediacenter.gmx.net/ /mnt/test
1434 System-Profiling using oprofile:
1439 # opcontrol --setup --no-vmlinux --event=CPU_CLK_UNHALTED:500000:0:1:1 --separate=library
1444 Now $DO_SOME_TASKS...
1447 # opcontrol --shutdown
1449 Then take a look at the reports using something like e.g.:
1450 # opreport -t 0.5 --exclude-dependent
1451 # opreport -t 0.5 /path/to/executable_to_check
1452 # opannotate -t 0.5 --source --assembly
1454 Install ATI's fglrx driver for Xorg / X.org:
1456 Usually there already exist drivers for the grml-system:
1457 # apt-get update ; apt-get install fglrx-driver fglrx-kernel-`uname -r`
1459 After installing adjust xorg.conf via running:
1460 # aticonfig --initial --input=/etc/X11/xorg.conf
1462 For more information take a look at http://wiki.grml.org/doku.php?id=ati
1464 Install nvidia driver for Xorg / X.org:
1466 Usually there already exist drivers for the grml-system:
1467 # apt-get update ; apt-get install nvidia-glx nvidia-kernel-`uname -r`
1469 Then switch from module nv to nvidia:
1471 # sed -i 's/Driver.*nv.*/Driver "nvidia"/' /etc/X11/xorg.conf
1473 glxgears - a GLX demo that draws three rotating gears
1475 To print frames per second (fps) use:
1476 % glxgears -printfps
1478 You forgot to boot with 'grml noeject noprompt' to avoid
1479 ejecting and prompting for CD removal when rebooting/halting
1490 If you want to avoid only the prompting part, run:
1498 Mount wikipedia local via fuse:
1500 Adjust configuration:
1501 % cat ~/.wikipediafs/config.xml
1504 <article-cache-time>300</article-cache-time>
1508 <dirname>wikipedia-de</dirname>
1509 <host>de.wikipedia.org</host>
1510 <basename>/w/index.php</basename>
1513 <dirname>wikipedia-en</dirname>
1514 <host>en.wikipedia.org</host>
1515 <basename>/w/index.php</basename>
1520 Mount it (/wiki must exist of course):
1521 % mount.wikipediafs /wiki
1522 % cat /wiki/wikipedia-en/Cat
1525 % fusermount -u /wiki
1527 Remote notification on X via osd (on screen display):
1529 Start osd_server.py at your local host (listens on port 1234 by default):
1532 Then login to a $REMOTEHOST
1533 % ssh -R 1234:localhost:1234 $REMOTEHOST
1535 Now send the text to your local display via running something like:
1536 % echo "text to send" | nc localhost 1234
1538 Very useful when you are waiting for a long running job
1539 but want to do something else in the meanwhile:
1541 % ./configure && make && echo "finished compiling" | netcat localhost 1234
1543 You can use this in external programs as well of course. Examples:
1545 Use osd in centericq:
1547 % cat ~/.centericq/external
1556 if [ -x /usr/bin/socat -a -x /bin/netcat ] ; then
1557 CONTACT_CUSTOM_NICK=$(cat ${CONTACT_INFODIR}/info | head -n 46 | tail -n 1)
1558 osd_msg="*** CenterICQ: new ${EVENT_NETWORK} ${EVENT_TYPE} from ${CONTACT_CUSTOM_NICK} ***"
1559 if echo | socat - TCP4:localhost:1234 &>/dev/null ; then
1560 echo "${osd_msg}" | netcat localhost 1234
1564 Use it in the IRC console client irssi via running:
1568 You can even activate the port forwarding by default globally:
1573 RemoteForward 1234 127.0.0.1:1234
1576 Notice: if you get 'ABORT: Requested font not found' make sure the
1577 requested font is available, running 'LANG=C LC_ALL=C osd_server.py...'
1580 Avoid automatical startup of init scripts via invoke-rc.d:
1582 First of all make sure the package policyrcd-script-zg2 (which
1583 provides the /usr/sbin/policy-rc.d interface) is installed.
1585 In policyrcd-script-zg2's configuration file named
1586 /etc/zg-policy-rc.d.conf the script /usr/sbin/grml-policy-rc.d is
1587 defined as the interface for handling invoke-rc.d's startup policy.
1589 grml-policy-rc.d can be configure via /etc/policy-rc.d.conf. By
1590 default you won't notice any differences to Debian's default
1591 behaviour, except that invoke-rc.d won't be executed if a chroot has
1592 been detected (detection: /proc is missing).
1594 If you want to disable automatical startup of newly installed packages
1595 (done via the invoke-rc.d mechanism) just set EXITSTATUS to '101' in
1596 /etc/policy-rc.d.conf.
1598 To restore the default behaviour set EXITSTATUS back to '0' in
1599 /etc/policy-rc.d.conf.
1601 Install VMware-Tools for grml:
1603 First of all make sure a CD-ROM device in VMware is available.
1605 Mount the CD-ROM device to /mnt/cdrom, then unpack and install
1609 unp /mnt/cdrom/vmware-linux-tools.tar.gz
1610 cd vmware-tools-distrib
1613 /etc/init.d/networking stop
1618 /etc/init.d/networking start
1620 In an X terminal, launch the VMware Tools running:
1624 Some important Postfix stuff
1632 Send all messages in the queue:
1636 Send all messages in the queue for a specific site:
1640 Delete a specific message
1641 # postsuper -d 12345678942
1643 Deletes all messages held in the queue for later delivery
1644 # postsuper -d ALL deferred
1646 Mail queues in postfix:
1648 incoming -> mail who just entered the system
1649 active -> mail to be delivered
1650 deferred -> mail to be delivered later because there were problems
1651 hold -> mail that should not be delivered until released from hold
1653 For configuration of postfix take a look at
1654 /etc/postfix/master.cf - man 5 master
1655 /etc/postfix/main.cf - man 5 postconf
1656 and http://www.postfix.org/documentation.html.
1660 mode 4000 - set user ID (suid):
1662 - for executable files: run as the user who owns the file, instead of the
1663 user who runs the file
1664 - for directories: not used
1666 mode 2000 - set group ID (guid):
1668 - for executable files: run as the group who owns the file, instead of the
1669 group of the user who runs the file
1670 - for directories: when a file is created inside the directory, it belongs
1671 to the group of the directory instead of the default group of the user who
1674 mode 1000 - sticky bit:
1676 - for files: not used
1677 - for directories: only the owner of a file can delete or rename the file
1679 Create MySQL database
1681 # apt-get install mysql-client mysql-server
1683 Run 'mysql' as root - create a database with:
1685 create database grml
1687 Give a user access to the database (without password):
1689 grant all on grml.* to mika;
1691 Give a user access to the database (with password):
1693 grant all on grml.* to enrico identified by "PASSWORD";
1695 Setup an HTTPS website:
1697 Create a certificate:
1699 # mkdir /etc/apache2/ssl
1700 # make-ssl-cert /usr/share/ssl-cert/ssleay.cnf /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.pem
1702 Create a virtual host on port 443:
1704 <VirtualHost www.foo.invalid:443>
1708 Enable SSL in the VirtualHost:
1711 SSLCertificateFile /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.pem
1713 Enable listening on the HTTPS port (/etc/apache2/ports.conf):
1717 and make sure the SSL module is used:
1721 Useful Apache / Apache2 stuff
1723 Check configuration file via running:
1725 # apache2ctl configtest
1733 # a2enmod modulename
1735 Create tar archive and store it on remote machine:
1737 % tar zcf - /sourcedir | ssh user@targethost "cat >file.tgz"
1739 Pick out and displays images from network traffic:
1743 Install Flash plugin:
1745 # dpkg-reconfigure flashplugin-nonfree
1747 To test a proxy, low level way:
1751 GET http://www.google.com HTTP/1.0 [press enter twice]
1753 Adjust system for use of qemu with kqemu:
1755 Make sure you have all you need:
1756 # aptitude update ; aptitude install qemu kqemu-modules-$(uname -r)
1761 mknod /dev/kqemu c 250 0
1762 chmod 666 /dev/kqemu
1763 chmod 666 /dev/net/tun
1765 Check kqemu support via starting qemu, press
1766 Ctrl-Alt-2 and entering 'info kqemu'.
1768 (High-Load) Debugging related tools:
1770 mpstat # report processors related statistics
1771 iostat # report CPU statistics and input/output statistics for devices and partitions
1772 vmstat # report virtual memory statistics
1773 slabtop # display kernel slab cache information in real time
1774 atsar # system activity report
1775 dstat # versatile tool for generating system resource statistics
1786 Using WPA for network setup manually:
1788 # wpa_supplicant -Dwext -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
1790 Adjust the options and configuration file to your needs.
1791 Also take a look at 'grml-network'.
1793 Start X and lock console via exiting:
1795 % startx 2>~/.xsession-errors &| exit
1797 Which process is writing to disk and/or causes the disk to spin up?
1799 First of all use lsof to check what's going on. Does not help? ->
1801 # echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/block_dump
1803 The command sets a sysctl to cause the kernel to log all disk
1804 writes. Please notice that there is a lot of data. So please
1805 disable syslogd/syslog-ng before you do this, or you must make
1806 sure that kernel output is not logged.
1808 When you're done, disable block dump using:
1809 # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/block_dump
1812 laptop-mode-tools provides a tool named lm-profiler (laptop mode profiler)
1813 which handles block_dump on its own.
1815 See: $KERNEL-SOURCE/Documentation/laptop-mode.txt
1817 Also take a look at event-viewer(8) which is part of grml-debugtools.
1819 Install initrd via initramfs-tools for currently running kernel:
1821 # update-initramfs -c -t -k $(uname -r)
1823 Install initrd via yaird for currently running kernel:
1825 # yaird -o /boot/initrd.img-$(uname -r)
1827 Install initrd via yaird for specific kernel:
1831 # yaird -o /boot/initrd.img-2.6.15-1-686 2.6.15-1-686
1833 Reinstall package with its original configuration files:
1835 # apt-get install --reinstall -o DPkg::Options::=--force-confmiss -o \
1836 DPkg::Options::=--force-confnew package
1838 grml 0.8 funkenzutzler - rt2x00 drivers:
1840 To avoid conflicts with the other rt2x00-drivers the package rt2x00 (which
1841 includes beta-version drivers) is not installed by default. If you want to
1842 use the kernel modules rt2400pci, rt2500pci, rt2500usb, rt61pci and/or
1843 rt73usb please install the package manually running:
1845 # dpkg -i /usr/src/rt2x00-modules-*.deb
1847 Use Java with jikes and jamvm on grml:
1851 % cp /usr/share/doc/grml-templates/template.java .
1852 % jikes template.java
1855 Notice that grml exports $JIKESPATH (/usr/share/classpath/glibj.zip),
1856 so you do not have to manually run
1857 jikes --bootclasspath /usr/share/classpath/glibj.zip
1859 Online resizing of (Software-)RAID5:
1861 # Initiate a RAID5 setup for testing purposes:
1862 mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=5 --raid-devices=3 /dev/hda1 /dev/hdb1 /dev/hdd1
1864 # Create filesystem, mount md0, create a testfile and save md5sum for
1867 mount /dev/md0 /mnt/test
1868 dd if=/dev/urandom of=/mnt/test/dd bs=512 count=10000
1869 md5sum /mnt/test/dd > md5sum
1871 # Make sure the RAID is synched via checking:
1874 # Now remove one partition:
1875 mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/hdd1 --remove /dev/hdd1
1877 # Delete partition, create a new + bigger one and set partition type to fd
1878 # (Linux raid autodetect):
1881 # And re-add the partition:
1882 mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/hdd1
1884 # Make sure the RAID is synched via checking:
1887 # Repeat the steps for all other disks/partitions as well:
1888 mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/hdb1 --remove /dev/hdb1
1890 mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/hdb1
1892 mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/hda1 --remove /dev/hda1
1894 mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/hda1
1897 # Now resize the RAID5 system online [see 'man mdadm' for details]:
1898 mdadm --detail /dev/md0 | grep -e 'Array Size' -e 'Device Size'
1899 mdadm --grow /dev/md0 -z max
1900 mdadm --detail /dev/md0 | grep -e "Array Size" -e 'Device Size'
1902 # Last step - resize the filesystem (online again):
1905 ext3 online resizing:
1907 Starting with Linux kernel 2.6.10 you can resize ext3 online. With
1908 e2fsprogs >=1.39-1 new filesystems are created with directory indexing and
1909 on-line resizing enabled by default (see /etc/mke2fs.conf).
1913 cfdisk /dev/hda # create a partition with type 8e (lvm)
1914 pvcreate /dev/hda2 # create a physical volume
1915 vgcreate resize_me /dev/hda2 # create volume group
1916 lvcreate -n resize_me -L100 resize_me # create a logical volume
1917 mkfs.ext3 /dev/resize_me/resize_me # now create a new filesystem
1918 mount /dev/resize_me/resize_me /mnt/test # mount the new fs for demonstrating online resizing
1919 df -h # check the size of the partition
1920 lvextend -L+100M /dev/resize_me/resize_me # let's extend the logical volume
1921 resize2fs /dev/resize_me/resize_me # and finally resize the filesystem
1922 df -h # recheck the size of the partition
1924 This also works for Software-RAID. Demo:
1926 mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=raid1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb1
1928 mount /dev/md0 /mnt/test
1929 mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/hda2 --remove /dev/hda2
1930 cfdisk /dev/hda # adjust partition size for hda2
1931 mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/hda2
1932 mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/hdb1 --remove /dev/hdb1
1933 cfdisk /dev/hdb # adjust partition size for hdb1
1934 mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/hdb1
1935 mdadm --grow /dev/md0 --size=max
1938 Notice: online resizing works as soon as the kernel can re-read the
1939 partition table. So it works for example with LVM and SW-RAID but not with
1940 a plain device (/dev/[sh]d*). The kernel does not re-read the partition
1941 table if the device is already mounted.
1943 Use vim as an outline editor:
1945 % $PAGER /usr/share/doc/vim-vimoutliner/README.Debian
1949 Monitor directories/files for changes using iwatch
1951 Monitor /tmp for changes:
1954 Monitor files/directories specified in /etc/iwatch.xml
1955 and send mail on changes:
1958 Some often used mdadm commands:
1961 # mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=raid1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/hda1 /dev/hdb1
1963 Display details of specific RAID:
1964 # mdadm --detail /dev/md0
1967 Simulating a drive failure by software:
1968 # mdadm --manage --set-faulty /dev/md0 /dev/hda1
1970 Remove disk from RAID:
1971 # mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/hda1
1973 Set disk as faulty and remove from RAID:
1974 # mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/hda1 --remove /dev/hda1
1979 Restart a RAID-device:
1982 Add another disk to existing RAID setup (hotadd):
1983 # mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/hde1
1984 # mdadm --grow /dev/md0 --raid-devices=4
1986 Assemble and start all arrays:
1987 # mdadm --assemble --scan
1989 Assemble a specific array:
1990 # mdadm --assemble /dev/md0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1
1993 # mdadm --assemble --run --force --update=resync /dev/md0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2
1996 # mdadm --stop --scan
1998 Scan for and setup arrays automatically:
1999 # mdadm --assemble --scan --auto=yes --verbose
2001 Notice: If the above does not work make sure /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf contains:
2003 CREATE owner=root group=disk mode=0660 auto=yes
2008 # /usr/share/mdadm/mkconf > /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
2011 Monitoring the sw raid
2012 # nohup mdadm --monitor --mail=root@localhost --delay=300 /dev/md0
2014 Producing /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf:
2015 # mdadm --detail --scan > /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
2017 See also: man mdadm | less -p "^EXAMPLES"
2018 http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-RAID-HOWTO.html
2020 A quick summary of the most commonly used RAID levels:
2023 => 2 disks each 160 GB: 320 GB data
2024 RAID 1: Mirrored Set
2025 => 2 disks each 160 GB: 160 GB data
2026 RAID 5: Striped Set with Parity
2027 => 3 disks each 160 GB: 320 GB data; 160 GB redundancy
2029 Common nested RAID levels:
2030 RAID 01: A mirror of stripes
2031 RAID 10: A stripe of mirrors
2032 RAID 30: A stripe across dedicated parity RAID systems
2033 RAID 100: A stripe of a stripe of mirrors
2035 -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID
2037 Logical Volume Management (LVM) with Linux
2042 | hda1 hdc1 (PV:s on partitions or whole disks)
2048 | usrlv rootlv varlv (LV:s)
2050 | ext3 ext3 xfs (filesystems)
2052 Often used commands:
2053 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2055 Create a physical volume:
2056 # pvcreate /dev/hda2
2058 Create a volume group:
2059 # vgcreate testvg /dev/hda2
2061 Create a logical volume:
2062 # lvcreate -n test_lv -L100 testvg
2064 Resize a logical volume:
2065 # lvextend -L+100M /dev/resize_me/resize_me
2066 # resize2fs /dev/resize_me/resize_me # ext2/3
2067 # xfs_growfs /dev/resize_me/resize_me # xfs
2068 # resize_reiserfs -f /dev/resize_me/resize_me # reiserfs online
2069 # mount -o remount,resize /dev/resize_me/resize_me # jfs
2071 Create a snapshot of a logical volume:
2072 # lvcreate -L 500M --snapshot -n mysnap /dev/testvg/test_lv
2074 Deactivate a volume group:
2075 # vgchange -a n my_volume_group
2077 Actually remove a volume group:
2078 # vgremove my_volume_group
2080 Display information about physical volume:
2081 # pvdisplay /dev/hda1
2083 Remove physical volume:
2084 # vgreduce my_volume_group /dev/hda1
2086 Remove logical volume:
2087 # umount /dev/myvg/homevol
2088 # lvremove /dev/myvg/homevol
2091 http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/
2093 How to use APT locally
2095 Sometimes you have lots of packages .deb that you would like to use APT to
2096 install so that the dependencies would be automatically solved. Solution:
2099 dpkg-scanpackages debs /dev/null | gzip > debs/Packages.gz
2100 echo " deb file:/root debs/" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
2101 dpkg-scansources debs | gzip > debs/Sources.gz
2102 echo " deb-src file:/root debs/" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
2104 See also: http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/ch-basico.en.html
2106 Check filesystem's LABEL:
2111 ext2/3 without blkid:
2112 # dumpe2fs /dev/sda1 | grep "Filesystem volume name"
2115 # xfs_admin -l /dev/sda1
2117 reiserfs without blkid:
2118 # debugreiserfs /dev/sda1 | grep -i label
2121 # jfs_tune -l /dev/sda1 | grep -i label
2123 reiser4 without blkid:
2124 # debugfs.reiser4 /dev/sda1 | grep -i label
2126 Check filesystem's UUID:
2131 ext2/3 without blkid:
2132 # dumpe2fs /dev/sda1 | grep -i UUID
2135 # xfs_admin -u /dev/sda1
2137 reiserfs without blkid:
2138 # debugreiserfs /dev/sda1 | grep -i UUID
2140 reiser4 without blkid:
2141 # debugfs.reiser4 /dev/sda1 | grep -i UUID
2143 Change a filesystem's LABEL:
2146 # mkswap -L $LABEL /dev/sda1
2149 # e2label /dev/sda1 $LABEL
2150 # tune2fs -L $LABEL /dev/sda1
2153 # reiserfstune -l $LABEL /dev/sda1
2156 # jfs_tune -L $LABEL /dev/sda1
2159 # xfs_admin -L $LABEL /dev/sda1
2162 # echo 'drive i: file="/dev/sda1"' >> ~/.mtoolsrc
2163 # mlabel -s i:$LABEL
2166 # ntfslabel $LABEL /dev/sda1
2168 Disable pdiffs feature of APT:
2171 # echo 'Acquire::PDiffs "false";' >> /etc/apt/apt.conf
2174 # apt-get update -o Acquire::Pdiffs=false
2176 Backup big devices or files and create compressed splitted
2177 image chunks of it using zsplit
2179 Create backup of /dev/sda named archiveofsda_#.spl.zp in directory
2180 /mnt/sda1/backup, split the files up into chunks of 1GB each and set
2181 read/write buffer to 256kB:
2182 # zsplit -b 256 -N archiveofsda -o /mnt/sda1/backup/ -s 1G /dev/sda
2184 Restore the backup using unzsplit:
2185 # unzsplit -D /dev/sda -d archiveofsda
2187 More usage examples: man zsplit + man unzsplit
2189 Measure network performance using iperf:
2195 % iperf -c <server_address> -V
2199 Server with 128k TCP window size:
2202 Client with running for 60 seconds and bidirectional test:
2203 % iperf -c <server_address> -r -w128k -t60
2205 Framebuffer resolutions:
2207 Resolution in pixels
2208 Color depth | 640x480 800x600 1024x768 1280x1024
2209 256 (8bit)| 769 771 773 775
2210 32000 (15bit)| 784 787 790 793
2211 65000 (16bit)| 785 788 791 794
2212 16.7 Mill.(24bit)| 786 789 792 795
2216 Mode 0x0300: 640x400 (+640), 8 bits
2217 Mode 0x0301: 640x480 (+640), 8 bits
2218 Mode 0x0303: 800x600 (+800), 8 bits
2219 Mode 0x0303: 800x600 (+832), 8 bits
2220 Mode 0x0305: 1024x768 (+1024), 8 bits
2221 Mode 0x0307: 1280x1024 (+1280), 8 bits
2222 Mode 0x030e: 320x200 (+640), 16 bits
2223 Mode 0x030f: 320x200 (+1280), 24 bits
2224 Mode 0x0311: 640x480 (+1280), 16 bits
2225 Mode 0x0312: 640x480 (+2560), 24 bits
2226 Mode 0x0314: 800x600 (+1600), 16 bits
2227 Mode 0x0315: 800x600 (+3200), 24 bits
2228 Mode 0x0317: 1024x768 (+2048), 16 bits
2229 Mode 0x0318: 1024x768 (+4096), 24 bits
2230 Mode 0x031a: 1280x1024 (+2560), 16 bits
2231 Mode 0x031b: 1280x1024 (+5120), 24 bits
2232 Mode 0x0330: 320x200 (+320), 8 bits
2233 Mode 0x0331: 320x400 (+320), 8 bits
2234 Mode 0x0332: 320x400 (+640), 16 bits
2235 Mode 0x0333: 320x400 (+1280), 24 bits
2236 Mode 0x0334: 320x240 (+320), 8 bits
2237 Mode 0x0335: 320x240 (+640), 16 bits
2238 Mode 0x0336: 320x240 (+1280), 24 bits
2239 Mode 0x033c: 1400x1050 (+1408), 8 bits
2240 Mode 0x033d: 640x400 (+1280), 16 bits
2241 Mode 0x033e: 640x400 (+2560), 24 bits
2242 Mode 0x0345: 1600x1200 (+1600), 8 bits
2243 Mode 0x0346: 1600x1200 (+3200), 16 bits
2244 Mode 0x034d: 1400x1050 (+2816), 16 bits
2245 Mode 0x035c: 1400x1050 (+5632), 24 bits
2247 Portscan using netcat:
2249 # netcat -v -w2 <host|ip-addr.> 1-1024
2251 Run apt-get but disable apt-listchanges:
2253 APT_LISTCHANGES_FRONTEND=none apt-get ...
2255 Upgrade system but disable apt-listbugs:
2257 APT_LISTBUGS_FRONTEND=none apt-get ...
2259 Set up a Transparent Debian Proxy
2261 Install of apt-cacher, the default config will do:
2262 # apt-get install apt-cacher
2264 Check out the ip address of debian mirror(s).
2265 Then add this to your firewall script:
2267 DEBIAN_MIRRORS="141.76.2.4 213.129.232.18"
2268 for ip in ${DEBIAN_MIRRORS} ; do
2269 ${IPTABLES} -t nat -A PREROUTING -s $subnet -d $ip -p tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to-port 3142
2272 where ${IPTABLES} is the location of your iptables binary
2273 and $subnet is your internal subnet.
2275 Now everybody in your subnet who does access either
2276 ftp.de.debian.org or ftp.at.debian.org will actually
2277 access your apt-cacher instead.
2279 To use apt-cacher on the router itself, add the following
2280 line to your /etc/apt/apt.conf:
2282 Acquire::http::Proxy "http://localhost:3142/";
2284 Version control using Mercurial
2286 Setting up a Mercurial project:
2289 % hg init # creates .hg
2290 % hg add # add all files
2291 % hg commit # commit all changes, edit changelog entry
2293 Branching and merging:
2295 % hg clone linux linux-work # create a new branch
2300 % hg pull ../linux-work # pull changesets from linux-work
2301 % hg merge # merge the new tip from linux-work into
2302 # (old versions used "hg update -m" instead)
2303 # our working directory
2304 % hg commit # commit the result of the merge
2308 % cat ../p/patchlist | xargs hg import -p1 -b ../p
2316 % hg export 1234 > foo.patch # export changeset 1234
2318 Export your current repo via HTTP with browsable interface:
2320 % hg serve -n "My repo" -p 80
2322 Pushing changes to a remote repo with SSH:
2324 % hg push ssh://user@example.com/~/hg/
2326 Merge changes from a remote machine:
2328 host1% hg pull http://foo/
2329 host2% hg merge # merge changes into your working directory
2331 Set up a CGI server on your webserver:
2332 % cp hgwebdir.cgi ~/public_html/hg/index.cgi
2333 % $EDITOR ~/public_html/hg/index.cgi # adjust the defaults
2335 Download binary codecs for mplayer:
2337 # /usr/share/mplayer/scripts/win32codecs.sh
2341 # /usr/share/mplayer/scripts/binary_codecs.sh install
2343 (depending on the mplayer version you have).
2345 To play encrypted DVDs and if you are living in a country where using
2346 libdvdcss code is not illegal can install Debian package libdvdread3
2347 and use the script /usr/share/doc/libdvdread3/install-css.sh.
2349 Read manpages of uninstalled packages with debman:
2351 % debman -p git-core git
2353 Test network performance using netperf:
2359 # netperf -t TCP_STREAM -H 192.168.0.41
2361 Setup Xen within 20 minutes on Debian/grml
2363 Install relevant software und update grub's menu.lst (Xen does not work with
2364 usual lilo so install grub instead if not done already):
2366 apt-get install linux-image-2.6.18-1-xen-686 xen-hypervisor-3.0.3-1-i386 \
2367 xen-utils-3.0.3-1 xen-tools bridge-utils
2370 Example for installation of Debian etch as DomU:
2373 xen-create-image --debootstrap --dir=/mnt/md1/xen --size=2Gb --memory=512Mb --fs=ext3 \
2374 --cache=yes --dist=etch --hostname=xengrml1 --ip 192.168.1.2 --netmask 255.255.255.0 \
2375 --gateway 192.168.1.1 --initrd=/boot/initrd.img-2.6.18-1-xen-686 \
2376 --kernel=/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-1-xen-686 --mirror=http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian/
2380 /etc/init.d/xend start
2381 /etc/init.d/xendomains start
2383 Setup a bridge for network, either manually:
2385 brctl addbr xenintbr
2386 brctl stp xenintbr off
2387 brctl sethello xenintbr 0
2388 brctl setfd xenintbr 0
2389 ifconfig xenintbr 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
2391 or via /etc/network/interfaces (run ifup xenintbr to bring up the device then
2395 iface xenintbr inet static
2396 pre-up brctl addbr xenintbr
2397 post-down brctl delbr xenintbr
2399 netmask 255.255.255.0
2404 Setup forwarding (adjust $PUBLIC_IP; for permanet setup use /etc/sysctl.conf and
2405 add the iptables commands to a startup script like /etc/init.d/rc.local):
2407 echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
2408 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j SNAT --to $PUBLIC_IP
2409 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j SNAT --to $PUBLIC_IP
2411 Adjust network configuration of Xend:
2413 cat >> /etc/xen/xend-config.sxp << EOF
2414 (network-script network-route)
2415 (vif-bridge xenintbr)
2416 (vif-script vif-bridge)
2419 List domains, start up a DomU, shutdown later again:
2421 xm create -c /etc/xen/xengrml1.cfg
2425 This HowTo is also available online at http://grml.org/xen/
2427 Play tetris with zsh:
2431 bindkey "^Xt" tetris
2433 Now press 'ctrl-x t'.
2435 Set up a router with grml
2437 Run grml-router script:
2440 Install dnsmasq if not already present:
2441 # apt-get update ; apt-get install dnsmasq
2443 Adjust /etc/dnsmasq.conf according to your needs:
2444 # cat >> /etc/dnsmasq.conf << EOF
2447 dhcp-range=19.168.0.124,192.168.0.254,1m # dhcp range
2448 dhcp-option=3,192.168.0.1 # dns server
2449 dhcp-option=1,255.255.255.0 # netmask
2452 Start dnsmasq finally:
2455 Display stats about memory allocations performed by a program:
2457 Usage example for 'ls':
2459 % LD_PRELOAD=/lib/libmemusage.so ls > /dev/null
2461 Use KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine for Linux):
2463 Make sure to install the relevant tools:
2464 # apt-get update ; apt-get install kvm
2467 Test it with a minimal system like ttylinux:
2468 # wget http://www.minimalinux.org/ttylinux/packages/bootcd-i386-5.3.iso.gz
2469 # gzip -d bootcd-i386-5.3.iso.gz
2470 # kvm -cdrom bootcd-i386-5.3.iso
2472 EEPROM data decoding for SDRAM DIMM modules:
2475 # /usr/share/doc/lm-sensors/examples/eeprom/decode-dimms.pl
2479 Make sure your device is supported by Linux and running.
2480 See http://www.linuxtv.org/ for more details.
2482 If the DVB device works on your system (see 'hwinfo --usb'
2483 when using a DVB usb device for example), then make sure you
2484 have the scan util from dvb-utils available:
2486 # aptitude install dvb-utils
2488 Then create a channels.conf configuration file:
2490 % scan /usr/share/doc/dvb-utils/examples/scan/... > ~/.mplayer/channels.conf
2492 You can find some example configuration files on
2493 your grml system in ~/.channels. Usage example:
2495 % ln -s ~/.mplayer/channels.conf-AT-graz ~/.mplayer/channels.conf
2497 Tip: w_scan (see http://free.pages.at/wirbel4vdr/w_scan/index2.html)
2498 might be useful if you do not know the initial configuration
2501 Get the lastest mercurial snapshot:
2503 Make sure you have the python-dev package available:
2504 # apt-get update ; apt-get install python-dev
2506 Get and build the source:
2507 % hg clone http://selenic.com/repo/hg mercurial
2510 % export PYTHONPATH=$(pwd)
2511 % export PATH=$PATH:$(pwd)
2513 now you should have the newest version of mercurial whenever you execute hg.
2515 To update to the lastest development snapshot, additionally use
2516 the following commands:
2517 % hg pull -u http://hg.intevation.org/mercurial/crew
2523 Available bootoptions relevant in live-cd mode:
2524 -----------------------------------------------
2526 * utc: set UTC, if your system clock is set to UTC (GMT)
2527 * gmt: set UTC, if your system clock is set to UTC (GMT) [like bootoption utc]
2528 * tz=$option: set timezone to corresponding $option, usage example:
2531 Configuration options relevant on harddisk installation:
2532 --------------------------------------------------------
2534 * Use the tzconfig utility to set the local timezone:
2538 which adjusts /etc/timezone and /etc/localtime according
2539 to the provided information. Running:
2541 # dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
2543 might be useful as well.
2545 * /etc/default/rcS: set variable UTC according to your needs,
2546 whether your system clock is set to UTC (UTC='yes') or
2549 * /etc/localtime: adjust zoneinfo according to your needs:
2551 # ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/$WHATEVER_YOU_WANT /etc/localtime
2553 The zoneinfo directory contains the time zone files that were
2554 compiled by zic. The files contain information such as rules
2555 about DST. They allow the kernel to convert UTC UNIX time into
2556 appropriate local dates and times. Use the zdump utility to
2557 print current time and date (in the specified time zone).
2559 * /etc/adjtime: This file is used e.g. by the adjtimex function,
2560 which can smoothly adjust system time while the system runs
2562 * If you change the time (using 'date --set ...', ntpdate,...)
2563 it is worth setting also the hardware clock to the correct time:
2565 # hwclock --systohc [--utc]
2567 Remember to add the --utc -option if the hardware clock is set
2573 Check your current settings via:
2576 zdump /etc/localtime
2579 grep hwclock /etc/runlevel.conf
2580 grep '^UTC' /etc/default/rc
2582 Further information:
2583 --------------------
2585 hwclock(8) tzselect(1) tzconfig(8)
2586 http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/system-administrator/ch-sysadmin-time.html
2587 http://wiki.debian.org/TimeZoneChanges
2589 Recorder shellscript session using script:
2591 % script -t 2>~/upgrade.time -a ~/upgrade.script
2592 % scriptreplay ~/upgrade.time ~/upgrade.script
2594 Test UTF-8 capabilities of terminal:
2596 wget http://www.linux-cjk.net/Console/garabik/UTF-8-demo.txt.gz
2597 zcat UTF-8-demo.txt.gz
2601 wget http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/examples/UTF-8-test.txt
2604 UTF-8 at grml / some general information regarding Unicde/UTF-8:
2606 http://wiki.grml.org/doku.php?id=utf8
2609 This allows one ssh connection attepmt per minute per source ip, with a initial
2610 burst of 10. The available burst is like a counter which is initialised with
2611 10. Every connection attempt decrements the counter, and every minute where the
2612 connection limit of one per minute is not overstepped the counter is
2613 incremented by one. If the burst counter is exhausted the real rate limit
2614 comes into play. This gives you 11 connectionattepmts in the first minute
2615 before blocked for 10minutes. After 10 minutes block the game restarts.
2617 Hint: you could set the burst value to 5 and the block time to only 5 minutes
2618 to achive the same average connection rate but with halve the block time.
2620 iptables -A inet_in -p tcp --syn --dport 22 -m hashlimit --hashlimit-name ssh \
2621 --hashlimit 1/minute \ --hashlimit-burst 10 --hashlimit-mode srcip \
2622 --hashlimit-htable-expire 600000 -j ACCEPT
2623 iptables -A inet_in -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -j REJECT
2625 Tunnel a specific connection via socat:
2628 % socat TCP4-LISTEN:8003 TCP4:gateway:500
2631 # socat TCP4-LISTEN:500,fork TCP4:target:$PORT
2633 Using localhost:8003 on the client uses the tunnel now.
2637 # date --set=060916102007
2639 where the bits are month(2)/day(2)/hour(2)/minute(2)/year(4)
2641 Set date using a relative date:
2647 # date -s '+tomorrow'
2649 Display a specific relative date:
2651 # date -d '+5 days -2 hours'
2653 Don't forget to set hardware clock via:
2657 Booting grml via network / PXE:
2659 Start grml-terminalserver on a system with network access
2660 and where grml is running:
2662 # grml-terminalserver
2664 Then booting your client(s) via PXE should work without
2667 See: man grml-terminalserver + http://grml.org/terminalserver/
2669 Debugging SSL communications:
2671 % openssl s_client -connect server.adress:993 > output_file
2672 % openssl x509 -noout -text -in output_file
2676 # ssldump -a -A -H -i eth0
2678 See http://prefetch.net/articles/debuggingssl.html for more details.
2680 Remove bootmanager from MBR:
2682 # lilo -M /dev/hda -s /dev/null
2684 Rewrite grub to MBR:
2687 # grub-install --recheck --no-floppy --root-directory=/mnt/sda1 /dev/sda
2689 Rewrite lilo to MBR:
2694 Create screenshot of plain/real console - tty1:
2696 # fbgrab -c 1 screeni.png
2698 Create screenshot when running X:
2702 Tip: use the gkrellshoot plugin when using gkrellm
2704 Redirect all connections to hostA:portA to hostB:portB, where hostA and hostB are
2707 Run the following commands on hostA:
2709 echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
2710 iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport portA -j DNAT --to hostB:portB
2711 iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o eth0 -d hostB -p tcp --dport portB -j ACCEPT
2712 iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o eth0 -s hostB -p tcp --sport portB -j ACCEPT
2713 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -p tcp -d hostB --dport portB -j SNAT --to-source hostA
2715 Flash BIOS without DOS/Windows:
2717 Dump flash info and set the flash chip to writable:
2720 Backup the original BIOS:
2721 # flashrom -r backup.bin
2723 Notice: the following step will overwrite your current BIOS!
2724 So make sure you really know what you are doing.
2726 Flash the BIOS image:
2727 # flashrom -wv newbios.bin
2729 Also check out LinuxBIOS: http://linuxbios.org/
2731 Enable shadow passwords:
2735 Set up an IPv6 tunnel on grml:
2739 Set up console newsreader slrn for use with Usenet:
2743 Calculate with IPv6 addresses:
2747 For usage examples refer to manpage ipv6calc(8).
2749 Common network debugging tools for use with IPv6:
2758 Set up NFS (Network File System):
2762 Make sure the relevant services are running on the server side:
2764 # /etc/init.d/portmap start
2765 # /etc/init.d/nfs-common start
2766 # /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server start
2768 Export shares via /etc/exports:
2770 /backups 192.168.1.100/24(rw,wdelay,no_root_squash,async,subtree_check)
2772 ... or manually export a directory running:
2774 # exportfs -o rw,wdelay,no_root_squash,async,subtree_check 192.168.1.100:/backups
2776 and unexport a share running:
2778 # exportfs -u 192.168.1.100:/backups
2780 and every time when you modify /etc/exports file run
2784 Display what NFS components are running:
2788 Display list of exported shares:
2796 Make sure the relevant services are running on the client side:
2798 # /etc/init.d/portmap start
2799 # /etc/init.d/nfs-common start
2801 Verify that the server allows you to access its RPC/NFS services:
2803 # rpcinfo -p server_name
2805 Check what directories the server exports:
2807 # showmount -e server_name
2809 On the client side you can use something like the following in /etc/fstab:
2811 192.168.1.101:/backups /mnt/nfs nfs defaults,users,wsize=8192,rsize=8192 0 0
2815 # aptitude install cloop-src
2818 # modprobe cloop file=/path/to/cloop/file
2819 # mount -r -t iso9660 /dev/cloop /mnt/test
2821 Create a PS/PDF of a plaintext file:
2823 % a2ps --medium A4dj -E -o output.ps input_file
2826 Print two pages on one in a PDF file:
2828 % pdfnup --nup 2x1 input.pdf
2830 Concatenate, extract pages/parts, encrypt/decrypt,
2831 compress PDFs using 'pdftk'.
2833 Read a PS/PDF file on console:
2837 or on plain framebuffer console in graphical mode:
2839 % pdf2ps file.pdf ; ps2png file.ps file.png ; fbi file.png
2845 Bypass the password of a PDF file:
2847 % gs -q -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=output.pdf input.pdf -c quit
2853 This will record a AIFF audio file.
2855 Change passphrase / password of an existing SSH key:
2859 Enable syntax highlighting in nano:
2861 Just uncomment the include directives for your respective
2862 language at the bottom of the file /etc/nanorc
2864 Create netboot package for grml-terminalserver:
2866 # bash /usr/share/doc/grml-terminalserver/examples/create-netboot
2868 To boot grml via network (PXE) check out grml-terminalserver:
2870 # grml-terminalserver
2872 See http://grml.org/terminalserver/ for more details.
2876 Using the 'Orientation' tag of the Exif header, rotate
2877 the image so that it is upright:
2878 % jhead -autorot *.jpg
2880 Manually rotate a picture:
2881 % convert -rotate 270 input.jpg output.jpg
2883 Rename files based on the information inside their exif header:
2885 % jhead -n%Y-%m-%d_%Hh%M_%f *.jpg
2887 This will rename a file named img_2071.jpg to something like:
2889 2007-08-17_10h38_img_2071.jpg
2891 if it was shot at 10:38 o'clock on 2007-08-17 (according to
2892 the information inside the exif header).
2894 Calculate network / netmask:
2897 % ipcalc 10.0.0.28 255.255.255.0
2898 % ipcalc 10.0.0.0/24
2900 Blacklist a kernel module:
2902 # blacklist <name_of_kernel_module>
2904 -> running 'blacklist hostap_cs' for example will generate an
2905 entry like this in /etc/modprobe.d/grml:
2910 To remove the module from the blacklist again just invoke:
2912 # unblacklist <name_of_kernel_module>
2914 or manually remove the entry from /etc/modprobe.d/grml.
2916 Create a Debian package of a perl module:
2918 % dh-make-perl --cpan Acme::Smirch --build
2920 The Magic SysRq Keys (SysReq or Sys Req, short for System Request):
2922 To reboot your system using the SysRq keys just hold down the Alt and
2923 SysRq (Print Screen) key while pressing the keys REISUB ("Raising
2924 Elephants Is So Utterly Boring").
2926 R = take the keyboard out of raw mode
2927 E = terminates all processes (except init)
2928 I = kills all processes (except init)
2929 S = synchronizes the disk(s)
2930 U = remounts all filesystems read-only
2931 B = reboot the system
2933 Notice: use O instead of B for poweroff.
2935 Or write the sequence to /proc/sysrq-trigger instead:
2937 # for i in r e i s u b ; do echo $i > /proc/sysrq-trigger ; done
2939 To enable or disable SysRq calls:
2941 # echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
2942 # echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
2944 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key for more details.
2948 Just boot your grml Live-CD with "memtest" to execute a memcheck/memtest
2951 Tunnel TCP-Traffic through DNS using dns2tcp:
2955 1. Create necessary DNS-Records:
2956 dnstun.example.com. 3600 IN NS host.example.com.
2957 dnstun.example.com. 3600 IN A 192.168.1.1
2958 host.example.com. 3600 IN A 192.168.1.1
2960 2. Configure dns2tcpd on host.example.com.:
2961 # cat /etc/dns2tcpd.conf
2962 listen = 192.168.1.1 #the ip dns2tcpd should listen on
2963 port = 53 #" port " " " "
2966 domain = dnstun.example.com. # the zone as specified inside dns
2967 ressources = ssh:127.0.0.1:22 # available resources
2969 3. Start the daemon:
2970 # cat > /etc/default/dns2tcp << EOF
2971 # Set ENABLED to 1 if you want the init script to start dns2tcpd.
2975 # /etc/init.d/dns2tcp start
2979 You have two possibilities:
2980 - Use the DNS inside your network (DNS must allow resolving for external domains)
2981 # grep nameserver /etc/resolv.conf
2982 nameserver 172.16.42.1
2983 # dns2tcpc -z dnstun.example.com 172.16.42.1
2984 Available connection(s) :
2986 # dns2tcpc -r ssh -l 2222 -z dnstun.example.com 172.16.42.1 &
2987 Listening on port : 2222
2988 # ssh localhost -p 2222
2989 user@host.example.com:~#
2991 - Directly contact the endpoint (port 53 UDP must be allowed outgoing)
2992 # dns2tcpc -z dnstun.example.com dnstun.example.com
2993 Available connection(s) :
2995 # dns2tcpc -r ssh -l 2222 -z dnstun.example.com dnstun.example.com &
2996 Listenning on port : 2222
2997 # ssh localhost -p 2222
2998 user@host.example.com:~#
3000 Notice: using 'ssh -D 8080 ..' you will get a socks5-proxy listening on
3001 localhost:8080 which you can use to tunnel everything through your "dns-uplink".
3003 Configure a MadWifi device for adhoc mode:
3005 Disable the autocreation of athX devices:
3006 # echo "options ath_pci autocreate=none" > /etc/modprobe.d/madwifi
3008 Remove the autocreated device for now:
3009 # wlanconfig ath0 destroy
3011 Configuration in /etc/network/interfaces:
3013 iface ath0 inet static
3019 - Do not use interface names without ending 0 (otherwise startup fails).
3020 - Only chooss unique names for interfaces.
3022 Find dangling symlinks using zsh:
3026 Use approx with runit supervision
3027 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3029 Install the packages:
3030 # apt-get install approx runit
3032 Add user approxlog for the logging daemon:
3033 # adduser --system --home /nonexistent --no-create-home approxlog
3035 Create config directory:
3036 # mkdir /etc/sv/approx
3038 Use /var/run/sv.approx as supervise directory:
3039 # ln -s /var/run/sv.approx /etc/sv/approx/supervise
3041 # cat > /etc/sv/approx/run << EOF
3043 echo 'approx starting'
3047 You normally do not need a logging service for approx because it logs
3048 to syslog too. So just for completion:
3049 # mkdir -p /etc/sv/approx/log
3050 # ln -s /var/run/sv.approx.log /etc/sv/approx/log/supervise
3051 # cat > /etc/sv/approx/log/run << EOF
3054 LOG="/var/log/approx"
3055 test -d "$LOG" || mkdir -p -m2750 "$LOG" && chown approxlog:adm "$LOG"
3056 exec chpst -uapproxlog svlogd -tt -v "$LOG"
3059 Now activate the new approx service (will be started within 5s):
3060 # ln -s /etc/sv/approx/ /var/service/
3062 Make approx managed via runit available via init-script interface:
3063 # dpkg-divert --local --rename /etc/init.d/approx
3064 # ln -s /usr/bin/sv /etc/init.d/approx
3066 Remote-reboot a grml system using SysRQ via /proc (execute as root):
3071 echo b > /proc/sysrq-trigger
3073 Show what happens on /dev/sda0:
3075 # mount the debugfs to relay kernel info to userspace
3076 mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug
3078 # is a convenient wrapper arround blktrace and blkparse
3081 Convert Flash to Avi:
3083 % ffmpeg -i input.flv output.avi
3085 Extract MP3 from Flash file:
3087 % for i in *.flv; do ffmpeg -i $i -acodec copy ${i%.flv}.mp3 ; done
3089 Usage example for cryptsetup / -luks encrypted partition on LVM:
3091 volume group name: x61
3092 logical volume name: home
3094 echo "grml-crypt_home /dev/mapper/x61-home none luks" >> /etc/crypttab
3096 mount /dev/mapper/grml-crypt_home /mnt/test
3098 fdisk/parted/... complains with something like
3099 'unable to open /dev/sda - unrecognised disk label'?!
3101 See http://grml.org/faq/#fdisk =>
3103 * use /sbin/fdisk.distrib from util-linux
3104 * switch to sfdisk, cfdisk,...
3105 * use parted's mklabel command (but please read the
3106 parted manual before executing this command)
3108 dmraid - support for SW-RAID / FakeRAID controllers
3109 like Highpoint HPT and Promise FastTrack
3111 Activate all software RAID sets discovered:
3114 Deactivates all active software RAID sets:
3117 Discover all software RAID devices supported on the system:
3120 Extract winmail.dat:
3125 Extract files to current directory:
3126 % ytnef -f . winmail.dat
3128 Approx - Debian package proxy/cacher howto
3130 % apt-get install approx
3131 % echo 'debian http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian' >>/etc/approx/approx.conf
3134 Add your new approx to sources.list
3137 deb http://localhost:9999/debian unstable main contrib non-free
3139 use approx in grml-debootstrap like:
3140 % grml-debootstrap -r lenny -t /dev/sda1 -m http://127.0.0.1:9999/debian
3142 Simple webserver with python:
3144 % python -m SimpleHTTPServer
3146 Upgrade only packages from the grml-stable Debian repository:
3148 echo 'deb http://deb.grml.org/ grml-stable main' > /etc/apt/grml-stable.list
3149 apt-get -o Dir::Etc::sourcelist=/etc/apt/grml-stable.list -o Dir::Etc::sourceparts=/doesnotexist update
3152 Install Centos into a directory:
3154 % febootstrap centos-5 directory http://mirror.centos.org/centos-5/5.3/os/i386/
3156 Install Fedora into a directory:
3158 % febootstrap fedora-11 target_directory
3160 Use Nessus / OpenVAS (remote network security auditor):
3162 Install software packages:
3164 # apt-get install openvas-client openvas-server openvas-plugins-base openvas-plugins-dfsg
3169 Start openvas server (takes a while):
3170 # Start openvas-server
3172 Invoke client as user:
3175 Find packages not available from any active apt repository:
3177 % apt-show-versions | awk '/No available version in archive/{print $1}'
3179 Simple mailserver with python:
3181 % python -m smtpd -n -c DebuggingServer localhost:1025
3185 echo $USER | nc $HOST 79
3187 Install Archlinux using Grml:
3189 https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Install_from_Existing_Linux
3191 wget http://tokland.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/archlinux/arch-bootstrap.sh