1 Install grml to harddisk:
5 Notice: You can pre-select the partition for the partition selector
6 and mbr dialogs inside grml2hd using:
7 # grml2hd /dev/hda1 -mbr /dev/hda
9 See: man grml2hd + http://grml.org/grml2hd/
11 Install grml on software RAID level 1:
13 Create /dev/md0 (and some more /dev/md* devices) first of all:
14 # cd /dev && MAKEDEV dev
17 # mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=raid1 \
18 --raid-devices=2 /dev/hda1 /dev/hdc1
20 Finally install grml on it:
21 # SWRAID='mbr-only' grml2hd /dev/md0 -mbr /dev/md0
23 See: man grml2hd + http://grml.org/grml2hd/
25 Install grml in non interactive mode with grml2hd:
27 Adjust configuration as needed:
28 # vim /etc/grml2hd/config
32 # GRML2HD_NONINTERACTIVE=yes grml2hd
38 Use with care and only if you really know what you are doing!
40 See: man grml2hd + http://grml.org/grml2hd/
46 Boot grml via network:
50 See: man grml-terminalserver + http://grml.org/terminalserver/
52 Deactivate error correction of zsh:
56 Run zsh-help for more information regarding zsh.
58 Disable automatic setting of title in GNU screen:
62 Set it manually e.g. via:
64 % screen -X title foobar
66 Run zsh-help for more information regarding zsh.
68 Do not use menu completion in zsh:
72 Run zsh-help for more information regarding zsh.
74 Run GNU screen with grml-configuration:
80 % screen -c /etc/grml/screenrc
82 Print out grml-version:
90 Configure mutt-ng / muttng:
94 Set up Inode-PPTP connection:
98 # grml-pptp-xdsl-students
100 Set up VPN / WLAN connection at TUG (TU Graz):
102 Set ESSID and request for ip-address via DHCP:
103 # iwconfig $DEVICE essid tug
106 Now run the main script:
109 After running the script an init script is available:
111 # /etc/init.d/vpnctug [start|stop]
113 Set up PPTP connection at VCG (Virtual Campus Graz):
123 # grml-vpn -k 2005 add 1000 192.168.20.1 192.168.20.2
127 Use encrypted files / partitions:
129 # grml-crypt <options>
135 # grml-crypt format /mnt/external1/encrypted_file /mnt/test
136 # cp big_file /mnt/test
137 # grml-crypt stop /mnt/test
141 # grml-crypt start /mnt/external1/encrypted_file /mnt/test
142 # grml-crypt stop /mnt/test
146 Change resolution of X:
148 % xrandr -s '1024x768'
150 Change resolution of framebuffer:
154 Configure newsreader slrn:
158 Configure grml system:
162 Or directly run scripts:
167 Lock screen (X / console):
171 Press ctrl-alt-x to lock a GNU screen session.
173 Change wallpaper in X:
175 % grml-wallpaper <press-tab>
177 Start X window system (XFree86 / Xorg / X.org):
179 % grml-x $WINDOWMANAGER
184 % grml-x -mode '1024x768' wmii
185 % grml-x -nosync wm-ng
187 Collect hardware information:
191 or run as root to collect some more information:
195 will generate a file named info.tar.bz2.
197 Configure hardware detection features of harddisk installation:
201 or manually edit /etc/grml/autoconfig[.small]
203 See: man grml-autoconfig
205 Bootoptions / cheatcodes / bootparams for booting grml:
207 On the grml-ISO if not running grml:
208 % less /cdrom/GRML/grml-cheatcodes.txt
211 % most /usr/share/doc/grml-docs/grml-cheatcodes.txt.gz
218 http://grml.org/bugs/
219 http://bugs.grml.org/
221 Offline documentation:
225 Online documentation:
228 http://grml.org/docs/
229 http://wiki.grml.org/doku.php
231 Mount ntfs partition (read-write):
234 # ntfsmount /dev/hda1 /mnt/hda1
236 Overwrite specific file on an NTFS partition:
238 ntfscp /dev/hda1 /tmp/file_source path/to/file_target
240 Resize an NTFS partition:
246 ntfsresize -n -s 10G /dev/hda1 # testcase
247 ntfsresize -s 10G /dev/hda1 # testing was successfull, now really resize partition
248 cfdisk /dev/hda # delete partition hda1, create new one with 10000MB and fs-type 07 (NTFS)
250 Modify resolution for intel graphic chipsets:
256 # 915resolution 4d 1400 1050
258 Connect bluetooth mouse:
262 ... and press 'connect' button on your bluetooth device.
264 Connect bluetooth headset:
268 ... and press 'connect' button on your bluetooth device.
270 Secure delete file / directory / partition:
276 Also take a look at shred(1), sfill(1) and http://dban.sourceforge.net/
278 Use grml on Samsung X20 laptop:
280 # apt-get install grml-samsung-x20
282 See: http://www.michael-prokop.at/computer/samsung_x20.html
284 Development information regarding grml:
286 http://grml.supersized.org/
290 #grml on irc.freenode.org - http://grml.org/irc/
291 http://grml.org/contact/
293 Join the grml mailinglist:
295 http://grml.org/mailinglist/
299 http://grml.org/donations/
301 Commercial support / system administration / adjusted live-cds:
303 grml-solutions: http://grml.org/solutions/
305 Information regarding the kernel provided by grml:
307 http://grml.org/kernel/
309 SMTP command-line test tool:
315 % swaks -s $MAILSERVER -tlsc -a -au $ACCOUNT -ap $PASSWORD -f $MAILADRESSE -t $MAILADRESSE
319 NTFS related packages:
325 Modify service through init script:
332 # /etc/init.d/lvm start
336 # jstest /dev/input/js0
340 % mplayer /path/to/movie
342 Use webcam with mplayer:
344 % mplayer tv:// -tv driver=v4l:width=352:height=288:outfmt=yv12:device=/dev/video0
346 Powerful network discovery tool:
350 Grab an entire CD and compress it to Ogg/Vorbis,
351 MP3, FLAC, Ogg/Speex and/or MPP/MP+(Musepack) format:
355 Show a console session in several terminals:
359 Switch behaviour of caps lock key:
363 grep with Perl-compatible regular expressions:
367 ncp: a fast file copy tool for LANs
372 Remote (receive file):
375 utility for sorting records in complex ways:
379 a smaller, cheaper, faster SED implementation:
387 See: http://grml.org/zsh/
389 zsh reference card for grml system:
392 /usr/share/doc/grml-docs/zsh/grml-zsh-refcard.pdf.gz
396 % for i in foo* ; do mv "$i" "bar${i/foo}" ; done
398 % prename 's/foo/bar/' foo*
400 % zmv 'foo(*)' 'bar$1'
402 Test TFT / LCD display:
410 Improved grep version:
414 glark grep extract-matches
421 Output text as sound:
424 % xsay # when running X and text selected via mouse
426 Adjust a grml harddisk (grml2hd) installation:
430 Get information on movie files:
432 % tcprobe -i file.avi
434 Get an overview of your image files:
436 % convert 'vid:*.jpg' thumbnails.jpg
438 List all standard defines:
440 % gcc -dM -E - < /dev/null
442 Send a mail as reminder:
444 echo "mail -s 'check TODO-list' $MAILADDRESS < /dev/null" | at 23:42
446 ncurses-based presentation tool:
450 See: man tpp and /usr/share/doc/tpp/examples/
452 Use ICQ / Jabber / Yahoo! / AIM / MSN /... on command line:
456 Use IRC on command line:
462 % vimdiff file1 file2
468 Moving between diffs:
478 Hardware monitoring without kernel dependencies:
482 Install grml-iso to usb-stick:
484 % grml2usb grml.iso /mount/point
486 Use mplayer on framebuffer console:
488 % mplayer -vo fbdev ...
490 Use links2 on framebuffer console:
492 % links2 -driver fb ...
494 Switch language / keyboard:
496 * use the bootparam lang to set language environment ($LANG, $LC_ALL, $LANGUAGE)
497 * use the bootparams keyboard / xkeyboard to activate specific keyboard layout
498 Usage example: 'grml lang=us keyboard=de xkeyboard=de'
500 Or run one of the following commands:
504 # loadkeys i386/qwertz/de-latin1-nodeadkeys.kmap.gz # console
507 Switch setting of caps-control key (switch between ctrl + shift) on keyboard:
511 Mount usb device / usb stick:
513 % mount /mnt/external1 # corresponds to /dev/sda1
515 % mount /mnt/external # corresponds to /dev/sda
517 Install Sun Java packages:
519 Download j2re.bin-file from http://java.sun.com/downloads/index.html and run
521 # apt-get install java-package
522 # fakeroot make-jpkg j2re-*.bin
523 # dpkg -i sun-j2re*.deb
524 # update-alternatives --config java
528 ddrescue is an improved version of dd which tries to read and
529 if it fails it will go on with the next sectors, where tools
536 How to make an audio file (e.g. Musepack format) out of a DVD track:
538 % mkfifo /tmp/fifo.wav
539 % mppenc /tmp/fifo.wav track06.mpc &
540 % mplayer -vo null -vc null -ao pcm:fast:file=/tmp/fifo.wav -dvd-device /dev/dvd dvd://1 -chapter 6-6
542 Adjust the mppenc line with the encoder you would like to use,
543 for example 'oggenc -o track06.ogg /tmp/fifo.wav' for ogg files.
547 % mplayer -vo null -dumpaudio -dumpfile track06.raw -aid N -dvd-device /dev/dvd dvd://1 -chapter 6-6
548 to extract audio without processing, where 'N' is the corresponding audio channel (see 'man mplayer')
550 Usage example for getting a PCM/wave file from audio channel 128:
551 % mplayer -vo null -vc null -ao pcm:fast:file=track06.wav -aid 128 -dvd-device /dev/dvd dvd://6
553 Create simple chroot:
555 # make_chroot_jail $USERNAME
557 Convert DOS formated file to unix format:
559 sed 's/.$//' dosfile > unixfile # assumes that all lines end with CR/LF
560 sed 's/^M$//' dosfile > unixfile # in bash/tcsh, press Ctrl-V then Ctrl-M
561 sed 's/\x0D$//' dosfile > unixfile # gsed 3.02.80, but top script is easier
562 awk '{sub(/\r$/,"");print}' # assumes EACH line ends with Ctrl-M
563 gawk -v BINMODE="w" '1' infile >outfile # in DOS environment; cannot be done with
564 # DOS versions of awk, other than gawk
565 tr -d \r < dosfile > unixfile # GNU tr version 1.22 or higher
566 tr -d '\015' < dosfile > unixfile # use octal value for "\r" (see man ascii)
567 tr -d '[\015\032]' < dosfile > unixfile # sometimes ^Z is appended to DOS-files
568 vim -c ":set ff=unix" -c ":wq" file # convert using vim
569 vim -c "se ff=dos|x" file # ... and even shorter ;)
570 recode ibmpc..lat1 file # convert using recode
571 echo -e "s/\r//g" > dos2unix.sed; sed -f dos2unix.sed < dosfile > unixfile
573 Save live stream to file:
575 % mplayer -ao pcm -aofile $FILE
579 % mencoder mms://file.wmv -o $FILE -ovc copy -oac copy
585 % avimerge -i *.avi -o blub.avi
589 % cat *.mpg > blub.mpg
593 % mencoder file1.wmv -ovc lavc -oac lavc -ofps 25 -srate 48000 -o file1.avi
594 % mencoder file2.wmv -ovc lavc -oac lavc -ofps 25 -srate 48000 -o file2.avi
595 % avimerge -i file1.avi file2.avi -o blub.avi
597 Display MS-Word file:
599 % strings file.doc | fmt | less
605 Convert MS-Word file to postscript:
607 % antiword -p a4 file.doc > file.ps
609 Convert manual to postscript:
611 % zcat /usr/share/man/man1/zsh.1.gz | groff -man > zsh.1.ps
613 % man -t zsh > zsh.ps
617 % dd if=/dev/mem bs=1k skip=768 count=256 2>/dev/null | strings -n 8
619 Read HTTP via netcat:
621 echo "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n" | netcat $DOMAIN 80
623 Get X ressources for specific program:
625 % xrdb -q |grep -i xterm
627 Get windowid of specific X-window:
629 % xwininfo -int | grep "Window id:" | cut -d ' ' -f 4
631 Get titel of specific X-window:
635 check locale - LC_MESSAGES:
637 % locale -ck LC_MESSAGES
639 Create random password:
643 % dd if=/dev/urandom bs=14 count=1 | hexdump | cut -c 9-
645 Get tarballs of various Linux Kernel trees:
648 to get the current stable 2.6 release
651 to get a list of all supported trees
653 Transfer your SSH public key to another host:
655 % ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub user@remote-system
657 % cat $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh user@remote-system 'cat >> .ssh/authorized_keys'
659 Update /etc/fstab entries:
663 See "man grml-rebuildfstab" for more details about
664 generation of /etc/fstab (including stuff like
665 fs LABELs / UUIDs,...).
667 Fetch and potentially change SCSI device parameters:
673 reclaim disk space by linking identical files together:
677 Find and remove duplicate files:
681 Perform layer 2 attacks:
687 Guess PC-type hard disk partitions / partition table:
691 Perform a standard scan:
694 Write back the guessed table:
695 # gpart -W /dev/ice /dev/ice
697 Develop, test and use exploit code with the Metasploit Framework:
700 unp /usr/share/grml-sectools/tools/metasploit_framework*.tar.gz
704 Useful documentation:
706 % w3m /usr/share/doc/Debian/reference/reference.en.html
708 % xpdf =(zcat /usr/share/doc/Debian/reference/reference.en.pdf.gz)
710 http://grml.org/docs/ grml Documentation
711 http://wiki.grml.org/ grml Wiki
712 http://www.debian.org/doc/ Debian Documentation
713 http://wiki.debian.org/ Debian Wiki
714 http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/ Gentoo Documentation
715 http://gentoo-wiki.com/ Gentoo Wiki
716 http://www.tldp.org/ The Linux Documentation Project
720 % fortune debian-hints
724 % fortune debian-hints
725 % dpkg -L funny-manpages
727 Backup master boot record (MBR):
729 # dd if=/dev/ice of=/tmp/backup_of_mbr bs=512 count=1
731 Backup partition table:
733 # sfdisk -d /dev/hda > hda.out
735 Restore partition table:
737 # sfdisk /dev/hda < hda.out
739 Clone disk via network using netcat:
742 # nc -vlp 30000 > hda1.img
744 # dd if=/dev/hda1 | nc -vq 0 192.168.1.2 30000
746 Adjust blocksize (dd's option bs=...) and include 'gzip -c'
749 # dd if=/dev/hda1 bs=32M | gzip -c | nc -vq 0 192.168.1.2 30000
751 Backup specific directories via cpio and ssh:
753 # for f in directory_list; do find $f >> backup.list done
754 # cpio -v -o --format=newc < backup.list | ssh user@host "cat > backup_device"
758 This one uses CPU cycles on the remote server to compare the files:
759 # ssh target_address cat remotefile | diff - localfile
760 # cat localfile | ssh target_address diff - remotefile
762 This one uses CPU cycles on the local server to compare the files:
763 # ssh target_address cat <localfile "|" diff - remotefile
765 Useful tools for cloning / backups:
767 * dd: convert and copy a file
768 * dd_rescue: copies data from one file (or block device) to another
769 * pcopy: a replacement for dd
770 * partimage: back up and restore disk partitions
771 * dirvish: Disk based virtual image network backup system
772 * devclone: in-place filesystem conversion -- device cloning
773 * ntfsclone: efficiently clone, image, restore or rescue an NTFS
774 * dump: ext2/3 filesystem backup
775 * udpcast: multicast file transfer tool
776 * cpio: copy files to and from archives
777 * pax: read and write file archives and copy directory hierarchies
778 * netcat / ssh / tar / gzip / bzip2: additional helper tools
780 Use grml as a rescue system:
784 * dd: convert and copy a file
785 * ddrescue: copies data from one file or block device to another
786 * partimage: Linux/UNIX utility to save partitions in a compressed image file
787 * cfdisk: Partition a hard drive
788 * nparted: Newt and GNU Parted based disk partition table manipulator
789 * parted-bf: The GNU Parted disk partition resizing program, small version
790 * testdisk: Partition scanner and disk recovery tool
791 * gpart: Guess PC disk partition table, find lost partitions
795 * e2fsprogs: ext2 file system utilities and libraries
796 * e2tools: utilities for manipulating files in an ext2/ext3 filesystem
797 * e2undel: Undelete utility for the ext2 file system
798 * ext2resize: an ext2 filesystem resizer
799 * recover: Undelete files on ext2 partitions
803 * reiser4progs: administration utilities for the Reiser4 filesystem
804 * reiserfsprogs: User-level tools for ReiserFS filesystems
808 * xfsdump: Administrative utilities for the XFS filesystem
809 * xfsprogs: Utilities for managing the XFS filesystem
813 * jfsutils: utilities for managing the JFS filesystem
817 * ntfsprogs: tools for doing neat things in NTFS partitions from Linux
818 * salvage-ntfs: free NTFS data recovery tools
819 * scrounge-ntfs: data recovery program for NTFS file systems
820 * ntfsresize: resize ntfs partitions
822 Get ASCII value of a character with zsh:
824 % char=N ; print $((#char))
826 Convert a collection of mp3 files to wave or cdr using zsh:
828 % for i (./*.mp3){mpg321 --w - $i > ${i:r}.wav}
830 Convert images (foo.gif to foo.png) using zsh:
832 % for i in **/*.gif; convert $i $i:r.png
834 Remove all "non txt" files using zsh:
838 Remote Shell Using SSH:
841 % ssh -NR 3333:localhost:22 user@yourhost
844 % ssh user@localhost -p 3333
846 Reverse Shell with Netcat:
849 % netcat -v -l -p 3333 -e /bin/sh
852 % netcat 192.168.0.1 3333
854 Remove empty directories with zsh:
856 % rmdir ./**/*(/od) 2> /dev/null
858 Find all the empty directories in a tree with zsh:
862 Find all files without a valid owner and change ownership with zsh:
864 % chmod user /**/*(D^u:${(j.:u:.)${(f)"$(</etc/passwd)"}%%:*}:)
866 Display the 5-10 last modified files with zsh:
868 % print -rl -- /path/to/dir/**/*(D.om[5,10])
870 Find and list the ten newest files in directories and subdirs (recursive) with zsh:
872 % print -rl -- **/*(Dom[1,10])
874 Find most recent file in a directory with zsh:
876 % setopt dotglob ; print directory/**/*(om[1])
878 Tunnel all traffic through an external server:
880 % ssh -ND 3333 username@external.machine
882 Then set the SOCKS4/5 proxy to localhost:3333.
883 Check whether it's working by surfing e.g. to checkip.dyndns.org
885 Tunnel everything through SSH via tsocks:
887 set up the SSH proxy on the client side:
889 % ssh -ND 3333 user@remote.host.example.com
891 Adjust /etc/tsocks.conf afterwards (delete all other lines):
896 For programs who natively support proxying connections (e.g. Mozilla
897 Firefox) you can now set the proxy address to localhost port 3333.
899 All other programs which's connections you want to tunnel through your
900 external host are prefixed with tsocks, e.g.:
902 % tsocks netcat example.com 80
903 % tsocks irssi -c irc.quakenet.eu.org -p 6667
905 If you call tsocks without parameters it executes a shell witht the
906 LD_PRELOAD environment variable already set and exported.
908 smartctl - control and monitor utility for harddisks using Self-Monitoring,
909 Analysis and Reporting Technology (SMART):
911 # smartctl --all /dev/ice
913 If you want to use smartctl on S-ATA (sata) disks use:
915 # smartctl -d ata --all /dev/sda
918 # smartctl -t offline /dev/ice
921 # smartctl -t short /dev/ice
923 Display results of test:
924 # smartctl -l selftest /dev/ice
926 Query device information:
927 # smartctl -i /dev/ice
929 Mount a BSD / Solaris partition:
931 # mount -t ufs -o ufstype=ufs2 /dev/hda1 /mnt/hda1
933 Use ufstype 44bsd for FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD (read-write).
934 Use ufstype ufs2 for >= FreeBSD 5.x (read-only).
935 Use ufstype sun for SunOS (Solaris) (read-write).
936 Use ufstype sunx86 for SunOS for Intel (Solarisx86) (read-write).
938 See /usr/share/doc/linux-doc-$(uname -r)/Documentation/filesystems/ufs.txt.gz
941 Read BIOS (and or BIOS) password:
943 # dd if=/dev/mem bs=512 skip=2 count=1 | hexdump -C | head
945 Clone one of the kernel trees via git:
947 git clone rsync://rsync.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git
948 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
949 This path defines the tree. See http://kernel.org/git/ for an overview.
951 Mount filesystems over ssh protocol:
953 % sshfs user@host:/remote_dir /mnt/test
957 % fusermount -u /mnt/test
959 (Notice: requires fuse kernel module)
961 Install Gentoo using grml:
963 See http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/altinstall.xml
965 Install (plain) Debian (sarge release) via grml:
967 Assuming you want to install Debian to sda1:
969 mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1 # make an ext3 filesystem on /dev/sda1
970 mount -o rw,suid,dev /dev/sda1 /mnt/test # now mount the new partition
971 debootstrap sarge /mnt/test ftp://ftp.tugraz.at/mirror/debian # get main packages from a debian-mirror
972 chroot /mnt/test /bin/bash # let's chroot into the new system
973 mount -t devpts none /dev/pts # ...otherwise running base-config might fail ("Terminated" or "openpty failed")
974 mount -t proc none /proc # make sure we also have a mounted /proc
975 base-config # now configure some main settings
976 vi /etc/mkinitrd/mkinitrd.conf # adjust $ROOT (to /dev/sda1) for your new partition, autodetection will fail in chroot
977 cd /dev ; ./MAKEDEV generic # make sure we have all necessary devices for lilo
978 apt-get install lilo linux-image-2.6.12-1-386 # install lilo and a kernel which fits your needs
979 cp /usr/share/doc/lilo/examples/conf.sample /etc/lilo.conf # let's use a template
980 vi /etc/lilo.conf && lilo # adjust the file for your needs and run lilo afterwards
981 umount /proc ; umount /dev/pts # we do not need them any more
982 exit # now leave chroot
983 cp /etc/hosts /etc/fstab /mnt/test/etc/ # you might want to take the existing files...
984 cp /etc/network/interfaces /mnt/test/etc/network/ # ...from the running grml system for your new system
985 umount /mnt/test && reboot # unmount partition and reboot...
987 See also: http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/apcs04.html.en
989 Install (plain) Debian (etch release) via grml
991 Assuming you want to install Debian to sda1:
993 mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1 # make an ext3 filesystem on /dev/sda1
994 mount -o rw,suid,dev /dev/sda1 /mnt/test # now mount the new partition
995 debootstrap etch /mnt/test ftp://ftp.tugraz.at/mirror/debian # get main packages from a debian-mirror
996 chroot /mnt/test /bin/bash # let's chroot into the new system
997 mount -t proc none /proc # make sure we have a mounted /proc
998 apt-get install locales console-data # install locales
999 dpkg-reconfigure locales console-data # adjust locales to your needs
1000 apt-get install vim most zsh screen less initrd-tools file grub \
1001 usbutils pciutils bzip2 sysfsutils dhcp3-client resolvconf \
1002 strace lsof w3m # install useful software
1003 apt-get install linux-headers-2.6-686 linux-image-2.6.15-1-686 # install current kernel
1005 echo "127.0.0.1 localhost" > /etc/hosts # adjust /etc/hosts and network:
1006 cat >> /etc/network/interfaces << EOF
1007 iface lo inet loopback
1008 iface eth0 inet dhcp
1013 ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Vienna /etc/localtime # adjust timezone and /etc/fstab:
1014 cat >> /etc/fstab << EOF
1015 sysfs /sys sysfs auto 0 0
1016 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
1017 /dev/sda1 / ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro 0 1
1018 /dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0
1019 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom0 iso9660 ro,user,noauto 0 0
1021 passwd # set password of user root
1023 mkdir /boot/grub # setup grub
1024 cp /usr/share/doc/grub/examples/menu.lst /boot/grub
1025 cat >> /boot/grub/menu.lst << EOF
1026 title Debian Etch, kernel 2.6.15-1-686 (on /dev/sda1)
1028 kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.15-1-686 root=/dev/sda1 ro
1029 initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.15-1-686
1031 vim /boot/grub/menu.lst # adjust grub configuration to your needs
1032 cd /dev && MAKEDEV generic # create default devices
1033 cp -i /lib/grub/i386-pc/* /boot/grub/ # copy stage-files to /boot/grub/
1034 grub install # now install grub, run in grub-cmdline following commands:
1038 umount -a # unmount all filesystems in chroot and finally:
1039 exit # exit the chroot and:
1042 If you want to use lilo instead of grub take a look at
1043 /usr/share/doc/lilo/examples/conf.sample or use the following template:
1045 cat > /etc/lilo.conf << EOF
1046 # This allows booting from any partition on disks with more than 1024 cylinders.
1049 # Specifies the boot device
1052 # Specifies the device that should be mounted as root.
1055 # use Debian on software raid:
1056 # raid-extra-boot=mbr-only
1064 image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.17-grml
1068 initrd=/boot/initrd.img-2.6.17-grml
1071 See also: http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/apcs04.html.en
1073 Convert files from Unicode / UTF to ISO:
1075 % iconv -f utf8 -t iso-8859-15 < utffile > isofile
1079 % iconv -f iso-8859-15 -t utf8 < isofile > utffile
1081 Assign static setup for network cards (eth0 and eth1) via udev:
1083 First method - manual:
1084 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1085 Get information for SYSFS address:
1086 # udevinfo -a -p /sys/class/net/eth0/ | grep address
1088 Then create udev rules:
1089 # cat /etc/udev/network.rules
1091 KERNEL=="eth*", SYSFS{address}=="00:00:00:00:00:01", NAME="wlan0"
1092 KERNEL=="eth*", SYSFS{address}=="00:00:00:00:00:02", NAME="lan0"
1093 # do not match eth* drivers but also e.g. firewire stuff:
1094 ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="net", SYSFS{address}=="00:00:00:00:00:03", NAME="1394"
1096 Now activate the rules:
1097 # cd /etc/udev/rules.d/ && ln -s ../network.rules z35_network.rules
1099 Unload the drivers, restart udev and load the drivers again to activate
1102 Second method - automatic:
1103 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1104 Run /lib/udev/write_net_rules shipped with recent udev versions:
1106 # INTERFACE=wlan1 /lib/udev/write_net_rules 00:00:00:00:00:04
1108 This command will create /etc/udev/rules.d/z25_persistent-net.rules containing:
1110 SUBSYSTEM=="net", DRIVER=="?*", SYSFS{address}=="00:00:00:00:00:04", NAME=wlan1
1112 See /usr/share/doc/udev/writing_udev_rules/index.html for more information.
1114 Change the suffix from *.sh to *.pl using zsh:
1117 % zmv -W '*.sh' '*.pl'
1119 Generate SSL certificate:
1121 Create self signed certificate (adjust /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf if necessary):
1122 # openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:1024 -keyout keyfile -out certfile -days 9999 -nodes
1125 # openssl x509 -in certfile -text
1127 Verify against CA certificate:
1128 # openssl verify -CAfile cacert.crt -verbose -purpose sslserver
1130 Generate 2048bit RSA-key:
1131 # openssl req -new -x509 -keyout pub-sec-key.pem -out pub-sec-key.pem -days 365 -nodes
1133 As before but add request to existing key pub-sec-key.pem:
1134 # openssl req -new -out request.pem -keyin pub-sec-key.pem
1136 Show request request.pem:
1137 # openssl req -text -noout -in request.pem
1139 Verify signature of request request.pem:
1140 # openssl req -verify -noout -in request.pem
1142 Generate SHA1 fingerprint (modulo key) of request.pem:
1143 # openssl req -noout -modulus -in request.pem | openssl sha1 -c
1145 Generate 2048bit RSA-key and put it to pub-sec-key.pem. Save self signed certificate in self-signed-certificate.pem:
1146 # openssl req -x509 -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -out self-signed-certificate.pem -keyout pub-sec-key.pem
1148 As before but create self signed certificate based on existing key pub-sec-key.pem:
1149 # openssl req -x509 -days 365 -new -out self-signed-certificate.pem -key pub-sec-key.pem
1151 Generate new request out of existing self signed certificate:
1152 # openssl x509 -x509toreq -in self-signed-certificate.pem -signkey pub-sec-key.pem -out request.pem
1154 Display certificate self-signed-certificate.pem in plaintext:
1155 # openssl x509 -text -noout -md5 -in self-signed-certificate.pem
1157 Check self signed certificate:
1158 # openssl verify -issuer_checks -CAfile self-signed-certificate.pem self-signed-certificate.pem
1160 Estable OpenSSL-connection using self-signed-certificate.pem and display certificate:
1161 # openssl s_client -showcerts -CAfile self-signed-certificate.pem -connect www.example.com:443
1163 Also take a look at make-ssl-cert (debconf wrapper for openssl)
1164 and mod-ssl-makecert (utility to create SSL certificates in /etc/apache/ssl.*/).
1166 Change Windows NT password(s):
1168 # mount -o rw /mnt/hda1
1169 # cd /mnt/hda1/WINDOWS/system32/config/
1170 # chntpw SAM SECURITY system
1172 Notice: if mounting the partition read-write did not work (check syslog!)
1173 try using mount.ntfs-3g instead: mount.ntfs-3g /dev/hda1 /mnt/hda1
1175 (Be careful with deactivating syskey!)
1177 glark - replacement for grep written in Ruby:
1179 A replacement for (or supplement to) the grep family, glark offers:
1180 Perl compatible regular expressions, highlighting of matches,
1181 context around matches, complex expressions and automatic exclusion
1186 % glark -y keyword file # display only the region that matched, not the entire line
1187 % glark -o format print *.h # search for either "printf" or "format"
1189 More information: man glark
1191 Find CD burning device(s):
1193 General information on CD-ROM:
1194 % cat /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info
1196 Scan using ATA Packet specific SCSI transport:
1197 # cdrecord -dev=ATA -scanbus
1198 # cdrecord-prodvd -s -scanbus dev=ATA
1200 Get specific information for /dev/ice:
1201 # cdrecord dev=/dev/ice -scanbus
1203 Create devices in /dev on udev:
1205 For example create md devices (/dev/md0, /dev/md1,...):
1206 # cd /dev ; WRITE_ON_UDEV=1 ./MAKEDEV md
1208 Identify network device (NIC):
1210 # ethtool -i $DEVICE
1212 Show NIC statistics:
1214 # ethtool -S $DEVICE
1216 If your NIC shows some aging signs, you may want to be sure:
1218 # ethtool -t $DEVICE
1220 Disable TCP/UDP checksums:
1222 # ethtool -K $DEVICE tx off
1224 grml2hd seems to hang? Getting Squashfs errors? Problems while booting?
1226 Switch to tty12 and take a look at the syslog. If you see something like:
1228 SQUASHFS error: zlib_fs returned unexpected result 0x........
1229 SQUASHFS error: Unable to read cache block [.....]
1230 SQUASHFS error: Unable to read inode [.....]
1232 your ISO/CD-ROM very probably is not ok. Verify it via booting with grml testcd.
1233 Check your CD low-level via running:
1235 # readcd -c2scan dev=/dev/cdrom
1237 If the medium really is ok and it still fails try to boot with deactivated DMA
1238 via using grml nodma at the bootprompt.
1240 Write a Microsoft compatible boot record (MBR) using ms-sys
1242 Write a Windows 2000/XP/2003 MBR to device:
1244 # ms-sys -m /dev/ice
1246 Use a Vodafone 3G Datacard (UMTS) with Linux:
1248 Plug in your vodafone card and check in syslog whether the appropriate
1249 (probably /dev/ttyUSB0 or /dev/noz0 when using newer vodafone cards) has
1250 been created. If so run:
1253 # wvdial --config /etc/wvdial.conf.umts $PROFILE
1256 # gcom -d /dev/ttyUSB0
1257 # wvdial --config /etc/wvdial.conf.umts a1usb
1260 # wvdial --config /etc/wvdial.conf.umts tmnozomi
1263 # wvdial --config /etc/wvdial.conf.umts dreiusb
1265 Notice: newer vodafone cards require the nozomi driver. Run 'modprobe nozomi' on
1268 hdparm - get/set hard disk parameters
1270 Display the identification info that was obtained from the drive at boot time,
1272 # hpdarm -i /dev/ice
1274 Request identification info directly from the drive:
1275 # hpdarm -I /dev/ice
1277 Perform timings of device + cache reads for benchmark and comparison purposes:
1278 # hdparm -tT /dev/ice
1280 bonnie++ - program to test hard drive performance.
1282 # mkdir /mnt/benchmark
1283 # mount /dev/ice /mnt/benchmark
1284 # chmod go+w /mnt/benchmark
1285 # bonnie -u grml -d /mnt/benchmark -s 2000M
1287 Use gizmo with a bluetooth headset:
1289 % DEVICE="/dev/dsp$(awk '/- BT Headset/ {print $1}' /proc/asound/cards)"
1290 % gizmo --mic $DEVICE --speaker $DEVICE
1292 Scan a v4l device for TV stations:
1294 % scantv -c /dev/video0 -C /dev/vbi0 -o ~/.xawtv
1296 Then running xawtv should work:
1300 Run apt-get with timeout of 3 seconds:
1302 # apt-get -o acquire::http::timeout=3 update
1304 Debian GNU/Linux device driver check page
1306 % $BROWSER http://kmuto.jp/debian/hcl/index.cgi
1308 Use dd with status line:
1310 # dd if=/dev/ice conv=noerror,notrunc,sync | buffer -S 100k | dd of=/tmp/file
1312 Generate a 512k file of random data with status bar:
1314 % dd if=/dev/random bs=1024 count=512 | bar -s 512k -of ./random
1316 Install Grub instead of lilo on grml installation (grml2hd):
1321 adjust grub's configuration file menu.lst:
1322 # $EDITOR /boot/grub/menu.lst
1324 now install grub (usage example for /dev/sda1):
1329 Install Ubuntu using grml:
1331 See https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Installation/FromKnoppix
1333 Resize ext2 / ext3 partition:
1335 # tune2fs -O '^has_journal' /dev/iceX # disable journaling
1336 # fsck.ext2 -v -y -f /dev/iceX # check the filesystem
1337 # resize2fs -p /dev/iceX $SIZE # resize it (adjust $SIZE)
1338 # fdisk /dev/ice # adjust partition in partition table
1339 # fsck.ext2 -v -y -f /dev/iceX # check filesystem again
1340 # resize2fs -p /dev/iceX # resize it to maximum
1341 # tune2fs -j /dev/iceX # re-enable journal
1343 Tune ext2 / ext3 filesystem:
1345 Check partition first:
1347 # tune2fs -l /dev/iceX
1349 If you don't see dir_index in the list, then enable it:
1351 # tune2fs -O dir_index /dev/iceX
1353 Now run e2fsck with the -D option to have the directories optimized:
1355 # e2fsck -D /dev/iceX
1357 Notice: since e2fsprogs (1.39-1) filesystems are created with
1358 directory indexing and on-line resizing enabled by default.
1360 Search for printers via network:
1362 # pconf_detect -m NETWORK -i 192.168.0.1/24
1364 Mount a remote directory via webdav (e.g. Mediacenter of GMX):
1366 # mount -t davfs https://mediacenter.gmx.net/ /mnt/test
1368 System-Profiling using oprofile:
1373 # opcontrol --setup --no-vmlinux --event=CPU_CLK_UNHALTED:500000:0:1:1 --separate=library
1378 Now $DO_SOME_TASKS...
1381 # opcontrol --shutdown
1383 Then take a look at the reports using something like e.g.:
1384 # opreport -t 0.5 --exclude-dependent
1385 # opreport -t 0.5 /path/to/executable_to_check
1386 # opannotate -t 0.5 --source --assembly
1388 Install ATI's fglrx driver for Xorg / X.org:
1390 Usually there already exist drivers for the grml-system:
1391 # apt-get update ; apt-get install fglrx-driver fglrx-kernel-`uname -r`
1393 After installing adjust xorg.conf via running:
1394 # aticonfig --initial --input=/etc/X11/xorg.conf
1396 For more information take a look at http://wiki.grml.org/doku.php?id=ati
1398 Install nvidia driver for Xorg / X.org:
1400 Usually there already exist drivers for the grml-system:
1401 # apt-get update ; apt-get install nvidia-glx nvidia-kernel-`uname -r`
1403 Then switch from module nv to nvidia:
1405 # sed -i 's/Driver.*nv.*/Driver "nvidia"/' /etc/X11/xorg.conf
1407 glxgears - a GLX demo that draws three rotating gears
1409 To print frames per second (fps) use:
1410 % glxgears -printfps
1412 You forgot to boot with 'grml noeject noprompt' to avoid
1413 ejecting and prompting for CD removal when rebooting/halting
1424 If you want to avoid only the prompting part, run:
1432 Mount wikipedia local via fuse:
1434 Adjust configuration:
1435 % cat ~/.wikipediafs/config.xml
1438 <article-cache-time>300</article-cache-time>
1442 <dirname>wikipedia-de</dirname>
1443 <host>de.wikipedia.org</host>
1444 <basename>/w/index.php</basename>
1447 <dirname>wikipedia-en</dirname>
1448 <host>en.wikipedia.org</host>
1449 <basename>/w/index.php</basename>
1454 Mount it (/wiki must exist of course):
1455 % mount.wikipediafs /wiki
1456 % cat /wiki/wikipedia-en/Cat
1459 % fusermount -u /wiki
1461 Remote notification on X via osd (on screen display):
1463 Start osd_server.py at your local host (listens on port 1234 by default):
1466 Then login to a $REMOTEHOST
1467 % ssh -R 1234:localhost:1234 $REMOTEHOST
1469 Now send the text to your local display via running something like:
1470 % echo "text to send" | nc localhost 1234
1472 Very useful when you are waiting for a long running job
1473 but want to do something else in the meanwhile:
1475 % ./configure && make && echo "finished compiling" | netcat localhost 1234
1477 You can use this in external programs as well of course. Examples:
1479 Use osd in centericq:
1481 % cat ~/.centericq/external
1490 if [ -x /usr/bin/socat -a -x /bin/netcat ] ; then
1491 CONTACT_CUSTOM_NICK=$(cat ${CONTACT_INFODIR}/info | head -n 46 | tail -n 1)
1492 osd_msg="*** CenterICQ: new ${EVENT_NETWORK} ${EVENT_TYPE} from ${CONTACT_CUSTOM_NICK} ***"
1493 if echo | socat - TCP4:localhost:1234 &>/dev/null ; then
1494 echo "${osd_msg}" | netcat localhost 1234
1498 Use it in the IRC console client irssi via running:
1502 You can even activate the port forwarding by default globally:
1507 RemoteForward 1234 127.0.0.1:1234
1510 Avoid automatical startup of init scripts via invoke-rc.d:
1512 First of all make sure the package policyrcd-script-zg2 (which
1513 provides the /usr/sbin/policy-rc.d interface) is installed.
1515 In policyrcd-script-zg2's configuration file named
1516 /etc/zg-policy-rc.d.conf the script /usr/sbin/grml-policy-rc.d is
1517 defined as the interface for handling invoke-rc.d's startup policy.
1519 grml-policy-rc.d can be configure via /etc/policy-rc.d.conf. By
1520 default you won't notice any differences to Debian's default
1521 behaviour, except that invoke-rc.d won't be executed if a chroot has
1522 been detected (detection: /proc is missing).
1524 If you want to disable automatical startup of newly installed packages
1525 (done via the invoke-rc.d mechanism) just set EXITSTATUS to '101' in
1526 /etc/policy-rc.d.conf.
1528 To restore the default behaviour set EXITSTATUS back to '0' in
1529 /etc/policy-rc.d.conf.
1531 Install VMware-Tools for grml:
1533 First of all make sure a CD-ROM device in VMware is available.
1535 Mount the CD-ROM device to /mnt/cdrom, then unpack and install
1539 unp /mnt/cdrom/vmware-linux-tools.tar.gz
1540 cd vmware-tools-distrib
1543 /etc/init.d/networking stop
1548 /etc/init.d/networking start
1550 In an X terminal, launch the VMware Tools running:
1554 Some important Postfix stuff
1562 Send all messages in the queue:
1566 Send all messages in the queue for a specific site:
1570 Delete a specific message
1571 # postsuper -d 12345678942
1573 Deletes all messages held in the queue for later delivery
1574 # postsuper -d ALL deferred
1576 Mail queues in postfix:
1578 incoming -> mail who just entered the system
1579 active -> mail to be delivered
1580 deferred -> mail to be delivered later because there were problems
1581 hold -> mail that should not be delivered until released from hold
1583 For configuration of postfix take a look at
1584 /etc/postfix/master.cf - man 5 master
1585 /etc/postfix/main.cf - man 5 postconf
1586 and http://www.postfix.org/documentation.html.
1590 mode 4000 - set user ID (suid):
1592 - for executable files: run as the user who owns the file, instead of the
1593 user who runs the file
1594 - for directories: not used
1596 mode 2000 - set group ID (guid):
1598 - for executable files: run as the group who owns the file, instead of the
1599 group of the user who runs the file
1600 - for directories: when a file is created inside the directory, it belongs
1601 to the group of the directory instead of the default group of the user who
1604 mode 1000 - sticky bit:
1606 - for files: not used
1607 - for directories: only the owner of a file can delete or rename the file
1609 Create MySQL database
1611 # apt-get install mysql-client mysql-server
1613 Run 'mysql' as root - create a database with:
1615 create database grml
1617 Give a user access to the database (without password):
1619 grant all on grml.* to mika;
1621 Give a user access to the database (with password):
1623 grant all on grml.* to enrico identified by "PASSWORD";
1625 Setup an HTTPS website:
1627 create a certificate:
1629 /usr/sbin/apache2-ssl-certificate -days 365
1631 Create a virtual host on port 443:
1633 <VirtualHost www.foo.invalid:443>
1637 Enable SSL in the VirtualHost:
1640 SSLCertificateFile /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.pem
1642 Enable listening on the HTTPS port (/etc/apache2/ports.conf):
1646 Useful Apache / Apache2 stuff
1648 Check configuration file via running:
1650 # apache2ctl configtest
1658 # a2enmod modulename
1660 Create tar archive and store it on remote machine:
1662 % tar zcf - /sourcedir | ssh user@targethost "cat >file.tgz"
1664 Pick out and displays images from network traffic:
1668 Install Flash plugin:
1670 # dpkg-reconfigure flashplugin-nonfree
1672 To test a proxy, low level way:
1676 GET http://www.google.com HTTP/1.0 [press enter twice]
1678 Adjust system for use of qemu with kqemu:
1680 Make sure you have all you need:
1681 # apt-get update ; apt-get install qemu grml-kerneladdons
1686 mknod /dev/kqemu c 250 0
1687 chmod 666 /dev/kqemu
1688 chmod 666 /dev/net/tun
1690 Check kqemu support via starting qemu, press
1691 Ctrl-Alt-2 and entering 'info kqemu'.
1693 (High-Load) Debugging related tools:
1695 mpstat # report processors related statistics
1696 iostat # report CPU statistics and input/output statistics for devices and partitions
1697 vmstat # report virtual memory statistics
1698 slabtop # display kernel slab cache information in real time
1699 atsar # system activity report
1700 dstat # versatile tool for generating system resource statistics
1711 Using WPA for network setup manually:
1713 # wpa_supplicant -Dwext -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
1715 Adjust the options and configuration file to your needs.
1716 Also take a look at 'grml-network'.
1718 Start X and lock console via exiting:
1720 % startx 2>~/.xsession-errors &| exit
1722 Which process is writing to disk?
1724 # echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/block_dump
1726 Warning: you must disable syslogd before you do this, or you must
1727 make sure that kernel output is not logged.
1729 When you're done, disable block dump using:
1730 # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/block_dump
1733 laptop-mode-tools provides a tool named lm-profiler (laptop mode profiler)
1734 which handles block_dump on its own.
1736 Install initrd via initramfs-tools for currently running kernel:
1738 # update-initramfs -u -t -k $(uname -r)
1740 Install initrd via yaird for currently running kernel:
1742 # yaird -o /boot/initrd.img-$(uname -r)
1744 Install initrd via yaird for specific kernel:
1748 # yaird -o /boot/initrd.img-2.6.15-1-686 2.6.15-1-686
1750 Reinstall package with its original configuration files:
1752 # apt-get install --reinstall -o DPkg::Options::=--force-confmiss -o \
1753 DPkg::Options::=--force-confnew package
1755 grml 0.8 funkenzutzler - rt2x00 drivers:
1757 To avoid conflicts with the other rt2x00-drivers the package rt2x00 (which
1758 includes beta-version drivers) is not installed by default. If you want to
1759 use the kernel modules rt2400pci, rt2500pci, rt2500usb, rt61pci and/or
1760 rt73usb please install the package manually running:
1762 # dpkg -i /usr/src/rt2x00-modules-*.deb
1764 Use Java with jikes and jamvm on grml:
1768 % cp /usr/share/doc/grml-templates/template.java .
1769 % jikes template.java
1772 Notice that grml exports $JIKESPATH (/usr/share/classpath/glibj.zip),
1773 so you do not have to manually run
1774 jikes --bootclasspath /usr/share/classpath/glibj.zip
1776 Online resizing of (Software-)RAID5:
1778 # Initiate a RAID5 setup for testing purposes:
1779 mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=5 --raid-devices=3 /dev/hda1 /dev/hdb1 /dev/hdd1
1781 # Create filesystem, mount md0, create a testfile and save md5sum for
1784 mount /dev/md0 /mnt/test
1785 dd if=/dev/urandom of=/mnt/test/dd bs=512 count=10000
1786 md5sum /mnt/test/dd > md5sum
1788 # Make sure the RAID is synched via checking:
1791 # Now remove one partition:
1792 mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/hdd1 --remove /dev/hdd1
1794 # Delete partition, create a new + bigger one and set partition type to fd
1795 # (Linux raid autodetect):
1798 # And re-add the partition:
1799 mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/hdd1
1801 # Make sure the RAID is synched via checking:
1804 # Repeat the steps for all other disks/partitions as well:
1805 mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/hdb1 --remove /dev/hdb1
1807 mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/hdb1
1809 mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/hda1 --remove /dev/hda1
1811 mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/hda1
1814 # Now resize the RAID5 system online [see 'man mdadm' for details]:
1815 mdadm --detail /dev/md0 | grep -e 'Array Size' -e 'Device Size'
1816 mdadm --grow /dev/md0 -z max
1817 mdadm --detail /dev/md0 | grep -e "Array Size" -e 'Device Size'
1819 # Last step - resize the filesystem (online again):
1822 ext3 online resizing:
1824 Starting with Linux kernel 2.6.10 you can resize ext3 online. With
1825 e2fsprogs >=1.39-1 new filesystems are created with directory indexing and
1826 on-line resizing enabled by default (see /etc/mke2fs.conf).
1830 cfdisk /dev/hda # create a partition with type 8e (lvm)
1831 pvcreate /dev/hda2 # create a physical volume
1832 vgcreate resize_me /dev/hda2 # create volume group
1833 lvcreate -n resize_me -L100 resize_me # create a logical volume
1834 mkfs.ext3 /dev/resize_me/resize_me # now create a new filesystem
1835 mount /dev/resize_me/resize_me /mnt/test # mount the new fs for demonstrating online resizing
1836 df -h # check the size of the partition
1837 lvextend -L+100M /dev/resize_me/resize_me # let's extend the logical volume
1838 resize2fs /dev/resize_me/resize_me # and finally resize the filesystem
1839 df -h # recheck the size of the partition
1841 This also works for Software-RAID. Demo:
1843 mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=raid1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb1
1845 mount /dev/md0 /mnt/test
1846 mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/hda2 --remove /dev/hda2
1847 cfdisk /dev/hda # adjust partition size for hda2
1848 mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/hda2
1849 mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/hdb1 --remove /dev/hdb1
1850 cfdisk /dev/hdb # adjust partition size for hdb1
1851 mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/hdb1
1852 mdadm --grow /dev/md0 --size=max
1855 Notice: online resizing works as soon as the kernel can re-read the
1856 partition table. So it works for example with LVM and SW-RAID but not with
1857 a plain device (/dev/[sh]d*). The kernel does not re-read the partition
1858 table if the device is already mounted.
1860 Use vim as an outline editor:
1862 % $PAGER /usr/share/doc/vim-vimoutliner/README.Debian
1866 Monitor directories/files for changes using iwatch
1868 Monitor /tmp for changes:
1871 Monitor files/directories specified in /etc/iwatch.xml
1872 and send mail on changes:
1875 Some often used mdadm commands:
1878 # mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=raid1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/hda1 /dev/hdb1
1880 Display details of specific RAID:
1881 # mdadm --detail /dev/md0
1884 Simulating a drive failure by software:
1885 # mdadm --manage --set-faulty /dev/md0 /dev/hda1
1887 Remove disk from RAID:
1888 # mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/hda1
1890 Set disk as faulty and remove from RAID:
1891 # mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/hda1 --remove /dev/hda1
1896 Restart a RAID-device:
1899 Add another disk to existing RAID setup (hotadd):
1900 # mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/hde1
1901 # mdadm --grow /dev/md0 --raid-devices=4
1903 Assemble and start all arrays:
1904 # mdadm --assemble --scan
1906 Assemble a specific array:
1907 # mdadm --assemble /dev/md0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1
1910 # mdadm --assemble --run --force --update=resync /dev/md0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2
1913 # mdadm --stop --scan
1914 # mdadm --assemble /dev/md0 --auto --scan --update=summaries --verbose
1916 Monitoring the sw raid
1917 # nohup mdadm --monitor --mail=root@localhost --delay=300 /dev/md0
1919 See also: man mdadm | less -p "^EXAMPLES"
1920 http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-RAID-HOWTO.html
1922 A quick summary of the most commonly used RAID levels:
1925 => 2 disks each 160 GB: 320 GB data
1926 RAID 1: Mirrored Set
1927 => 2 disks each 160 GB: 160 GB data
1928 RAID 5: Striped Set with Parity
1929 => 3 disks each 160 GB: 320 GB data; 160 GB redundancy
1931 Common nested RAID levels:
1932 RAID 01: A mirror of stripes
1933 RAID 10: A stripe of mirrors
1934 RAID 30: A stripe across dedicated parity RAID systems
1935 RAID 100: A stripe of a stripe of mirrors
1937 -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID
1939 Logical Volume Management (LVM) with Linux
1944 | hda1 hdc1 (PV:s on partitions or whole disks)
1950 | usrlv rootlv varlv (LV:s)
1952 | ext3 ext3 xfs (filesystems)
1954 Often used commands:
1955 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1957 Create a physical volume:
1958 # pvcreate /dev/hda2
1960 Create a volume group:
1961 # vgcreate testvg /dev/hda2
1963 Create a logical volume:
1964 # lvcreate -n test_lv -L100 testvg
1966 Resize a logical volume:
1967 # lvextend -L+100M /dev/resize_me/resize_me
1968 # resize2fs /dev/resize_me/resize_me # ext2/3
1969 # xfs_growfs /dev/resize_me/resize_me # xfs
1970 # resize_reiserfs -f /dev/resize_me/resize_me # reiserfs online
1971 # mount -o remount,resize /dev/resize_me/resize_me # jfs
1973 Create a snapshot of a logical volume:
1974 # lvcreate -L 500M --snapshot -n mysnap /dev/testvg/test_lv
1976 Deactivate a volume group:
1977 # vgchange -a n my_volume_group
1979 Actually remove a volume group:
1980 # vgremove my_volume_group
1982 Display information about physical volume:
1983 # pvdisplay /dev/hda1
1985 Remove physical volume:
1986 # vgreduce my_volume_group /dev/hda1
1988 Remove logical volume:
1989 # umount /dev/myvg/homevol
1990 # lvremove /dev/myvg/homevol
1993 http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/
1995 How to use APT locally
1997 Sometimes you have lots of packages .deb that you would like to use APT to
1998 install so that the dependencies would be automatically solved. Solution:
2001 dpkg-scanpackages debs /dev/null | gzip > debs/Packages.gz
2002 echo " deb file:/root debs/" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
2003 dpkg-scansources debs | gzip > debs/Sources.gz
2004 echo " deb-src file:/root debs/" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
2006 See also: http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/ch-basico.en.html
2008 Check filesystem's LABEL:
2011 # vol_id -l /dev/sda1
2013 ext2/3 without vol_id:
2014 # dumpe2fs /dev/sda1 | grep "Filesystem volume name"
2017 # xfs_admin -l /dev/sda1
2019 reiserfs without vol_id:
2020 # debugreiserfs /dev/sda1 | grep UUID
2022 reiser4 without vol_id:
2023 # debugfs.reiser4 /dev/sda1 | grep uuid
2025 Check filesystem's UUID:
2028 # vol_id -u /dev/sda1
2030 ext2/3 without vol_id:
2031 # dumpe2fs /dev/sda1 | grep UUID
2034 # xfs_admin -u /dev/sda1
2036 reiserfs without vol_id:
2037 # debugreiserfs /dev/sda1 | grep LABEL
2039 reiser4 without vol_id:
2040 # debugfs.reiser4 /dev/sda1 | grep label
2042 Disable pdiffs feature of APT:
2045 # echo 'Acquire::PDiffs "false";' >> /etc/apt/apt.conf
2048 # apt-get update -o Acquire::Pdiffs=false
2050 Backup big devices or files and create compressed splitted
2051 image chunks of it using zsplit
2053 Create backup of /dev/sda named archiveofsda_#.spl.zp in directory
2054 /mnt/sda1/backup, split the files up into chunks of 1GB each and set
2055 read/write buffer to 256kB:
2056 # zsplit -b 256 -N archiveofsda -o /mnt/sda1/backup/ -s 1G /dev/sda
2058 Restore the backup using unzsplit:
2059 # unzsplit -D /dev/sda -d archiveofsda
2061 More usage examples: man zsplit + man unzsplit
2063 Measure network performance using ipserf
2069 % iperf -c <server_address> -V
2073 Server with 128k TCP window size:
2076 Client with running for 60 seconds and bidirectional test:
2077 % iperf -c <server_address> -r -w128k -t60
2079 Framebuffer resolutions:
2081 Resolution in pixels
2082 Color depth | 640x480 800x600 1024x768 1280x1024
2083 256 (8bit)| 769 771 773 775
2084 32000 (15bit)| 784 787 790 793
2085 65000 (16bit)| 785 788 791 794
2086 16.7 Mill.(24bit)| 786 789 792 795
2090 Mode 0x0300: 640x400 (+640), 8 bits
2091 Mode 0x0301: 640x480 (+640), 8 bits
2092 Mode 0x0303: 800x600 (+800), 8 bits
2093 Mode 0x0303: 800x600 (+832), 8 bits
2094 Mode 0x0305: 1024x768 (+1024), 8 bits
2095 Mode 0x0307: 1280x1024 (+1280), 8 bits
2096 Mode 0x030e: 320x200 (+640), 16 bits
2097 Mode 0x030f: 320x200 (+1280), 24 bits
2098 Mode 0x0311: 640x480 (+1280), 16 bits
2099 Mode 0x0312: 640x480 (+2560), 24 bits
2100 Mode 0x0314: 800x600 (+1600), 16 bits
2101 Mode 0x0315: 800x600 (+3200), 24 bits
2102 Mode 0x0317: 1024x768 (+2048), 16 bits
2103 Mode 0x0318: 1024x768 (+4096), 24 bits
2104 Mode 0x031a: 1280x1024 (+2560), 16 bits
2105 Mode 0x031b: 1280x1024 (+5120), 24 bits
2106 Mode 0x0330: 320x200 (+320), 8 bits
2107 Mode 0x0331: 320x400 (+320), 8 bits
2108 Mode 0x0332: 320x400 (+640), 16 bits
2109 Mode 0x0333: 320x400 (+1280), 24 bits
2110 Mode 0x0334: 320x240 (+320), 8 bits
2111 Mode 0x0335: 320x240 (+640), 16 bits
2112 Mode 0x0336: 320x240 (+1280), 24 bits
2113 Mode 0x033c: 1400x1050 (+1408), 8 bits
2114 Mode 0x033d: 640x400 (+1280), 16 bits
2115 Mode 0x033e: 640x400 (+2560), 24 bits
2116 Mode 0x0345: 1600x1200 (+1600), 8 bits
2117 Mode 0x0346: 1600x1200 (+3200), 16 bits
2118 Mode 0x034d: 1400x1050 (+2816), 16 bits
2119 Mode 0x035c: 1400x1050 (+5632), 24 bits
2121 Portscan using netcat:
2123 # netcat -v -w2 <host|ip-addr.> 1-1024
2125 Run apt-get but disable apt-listchanges:
2127 APT_LISTCHANGES_FRONTEND=none apt-get ...
2129 Upgrade system but disable apt-listbugs:
2131 APT_LISTBUGS_FRONTEND=none apt-get ...
2133 Set up a Transparent Debian Proxy
2135 Install of apt-cacher, the default config will do:
2136 # apt-get install apt-cacher
2138 Check out the ip address of debian mirror(s).
2139 Then add this to your firewall script:
2141 DEBIAN_MIRRORS="141.76.2.4 213.129.232.18"
2142 for ip in ${DEBIAN_MIRRORS} ; do
2143 ${IPTABLES} -t nat -A PREROUTING -s $subnet -d $ip -p tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to-port 3142
2146 where ${IPTABLES} is the location of your iptables binary
2147 and $subnet is your internal subnet.
2149 Now everybody in your subnet who does access either
2150 ftp.de.debian.org or ftp.at.debian.org will actually
2151 access your apt-cacher instead.
2153 To use apt-cacher on the router itself, add the following
2154 line to your /etc/apt/apt.conf:
2156 Acquire::http::Proxy "http://localhost:3142/";